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| thin tubes extending from soma. two types: dendrites & axons |
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neurite receiving synaptic inputs from another cell
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| neurite conducting nerve impulses away from cell, sends messages |
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| region of contact where a neuron transfers info to another cell |
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| Brain vs. Mind. Brain is a machine, Mind acts on the brain to get it to do certain things |
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| can determine one's personality based on places of "bumps" on the head |
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| father of phrenology - not totally crazy. also first person to make connection btw physical properties and mental functioning |
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| identified "Broca's Area" which is in the temporal lobe. linked to speech production |
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| stains nerve cell bodies, allows visualization of their arrangement and connection |
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MADE FIRST MAP OF BRAIN REGIONS;
used Nissl stain to id different parts of Cortex, based on differences in cytoarchitecture |
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all tissues of the body are composed of cells
- Theodor Schwann |
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nerve cell is the Anatomical, Psyciological, Metabolic, and Genetic unit of Nervous System
-Wilhelm Waldeyer |
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nervous tissue forms a continuous network, nerve cells are not bounded
- Camillo Golgi |
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neurons are discrete entities, each neuron is an indipendent cell - neurons have different shapes and sizes indicating their function specialization
used Golgi stain too
-Santiago Cajal |
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| Law of Dynamic Polarization |
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Definition
| neurons are directed structures with dendrite, soma, axon; Info passes in this order; Neurons communicate through "points of contact": synapses |
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| 2 Main Types of Brain Cells |
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Neuron - information processing
Glia - insulating, supporting, and nourishing neurons (10x more than neurons) |
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DNA -> mRNA (transcription)
mRNA -> proteins (translation) |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| major site of TRANSLATION |
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| free ribosome connects to mRNA, ribosome translates mRNA, new protein is created and curls up |
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| processes protein molecules |
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| "post-translational" chemical modification of proteins, protein sorting and delivery to destinations throughout the cell |
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| cell "battery"; makes ATP and CO2 from pyruvic acid |
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encloses cytoplasm inside cell, encloses ALL PARTS of the cell - SOMA AND ALL NEURITES
made of lipids (fat) and proteins
gives electrical properties |
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| gives structural support, helps with transportation of cell organelles |
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| 3 types of Cytoskeleton Beams |
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| Microtubules, Neurofilaments, Microfilaments |
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| small, membrane-bound "bubbles" filled with neurotransmitter |
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| 2 main things found in Axon Terminals |
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1. Synaptic Vesicles
2. Mitochondria (because of high energy needs) |
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| Synaptic Transmission sequence |
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| electrical to chemical to electrical |
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| dendrites of a single neuron |
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| on dendrite, contains receptors for neurotransmitters |
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| on some dendrites, have synapses, constanly moving/changing shape |
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| Neurons Classification based on # of Neurites |
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Definition
Unipolar - one neurite
Bipolar - two neurites
Multipolar - 3+ neurites |
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| Ways of classifying Neurons |
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Definition
| # of neurites, morphology, function (unique to brain region), neurotransmitter used |
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| Astrocytes and Myelinating Glia |
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| fill space btw neurons and regulate the chemical content of extracellular space |
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give electrical insulation to axons by forming myelin sheaths
Oligodendroglia - CNS
Schwann cells - PNS |
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when there is a difference in electrical charge across the excitable membrane; it's at rest
INSIDE MORE NEGATIVE THAN OUTSIDE |
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| electrically charged atoms or molecules |
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Positive Charge
(Ex: Na+, K+) |
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have a polar - HYDROPHILIC - head and a nonpolar - HYDROPHOBIC - tail
makes up the membrane |
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| link together amino acids |
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| a chain of amino acids, connected by peptide bonds |
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| single strand of amino acids (polypeptide) |
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| secondary protein structure |
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| single strand wraps into curly cue |
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| Tertiary protein structure |
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Definition
| curly cue "cylinders" go side by side in connected sequence |
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| Quaternary protein structure |
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subunits (tertiary protein structures) make up one whole protein for functions
- any wrong sequencing can cause malfunctioning of protein |
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| made of membrane-spanning protein molecules |
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| Channel's Ion Selectivity |
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determined by: diameter of channel pore & its inner surface properties
usually selectively permeable to only one kinds of ion |
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| actively transport ions across the membrane, uses ATP |
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| 2 Forces making Ions pass through channels |
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| net movement of ions from high concentration regions to low concentration |
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| voltage difference across a neuronal membrane |
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