Term
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Definition
non-penetrating injury
common in younger adults (accidents, sports, etc.)
concussions-more severe as they accumulate
damage seen right away can be slurring of words, and brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| damage where initial impact is |
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Term
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Definition
| damage where initial impact is |
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Term
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Definition
| damage on the opposite side (brain goes back in skull and hits opposite side) |
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Term
| damage one can see after a closed-head injury: |
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Definition
1. blood vessels may tear or weaken by stretching, causing bleeding
2. axons can shear
3. excessive bleeding/edema (fluid buildup)
4. swelling inside the brain putting pressure on healthy neurons and can kill them |
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Term
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Definition
within a few minutes to a few hours, there is an increase in intracranial pressure. A shunt is placed in the ear canal to drain fluid and relieve pressure.
there is also cell and neuron death, which triggers the release of neurotransmitter glutamate by neurons and astrocytes.High doses of glutamate is a toxin and leads to excitotoxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| happens 1/2 hour to a few hours after injury, due to high levels of glutamate in the brain. excitotoxicity leads to more neurons being killed because the damage within the area spreads to surrounding areas. PT must take a drug to inhibit glutamate production or create a hypothermic state to stop the excitotoxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
general name giving to chemicals that promote growth within the brain.
remaining neurons that survived the damage can grow more as a response to injury, forming new connections with whatever was lost.
the brain "rewires" and connects to new places.
with aging, there are less neurotrophic factors ("can't teach an old dog new tricks")
NF's also help with cell differentiation and chemically attracting neurons to where they need to be.
BDNF: one of more common NF's in brain |
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Term
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Definition
-an example of a neurotrophic factor
-first one discovered
-found in spinal cord and peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
-whats happening days after injury
1.Scar tissue-can lead to seizures, glutamate is released
2. intracerebral hemorrhage-weakened blood vessels causing leaks
3. headaches
psychological:
1. dizziness
2. attention problems
3. memory problems |
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Term
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Definition
#1 neurological disorder
3 types: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and TIA
-blood supply to the brain is affected |
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Term
internal carotid artery
vertebral artery |
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Definition
ICA-supplies blood to front of brain and cortex
va-within spinal cord, supplies blood to brain stem and hindbrain |
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Term
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Definition
loss of blood flow
-brain or heart
-loss of O2 (anoxia)
-sometype of blockage in the brain
-fatty deposits, plaque/red blood cell buildup
-thrombus (blood clot)
-embolus (blood clot in motion)
-infarction: cell death/narcosis...lack of O2, cells die |
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Term
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Definition
-bleeding in the brain
-weakening of a blood vessel
-blood leaks out |
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Term
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Definition
weakened blood vessel
-blood vessel balloons out
-can eventually burst, causing blood to pour out
-aspirin thins the blood (NOT GOOD..causes more bleeding) |
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Term
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Definition
high blood pressure
blockage in arteries/vessels
could burst an aneurysm |
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Term
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Definition
'Transient ischemic attack'
-mini stroke
-small blockages=> small reductions in oxygen
-can go unnoticed
-dizziness, accumulate over time |
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Term
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Definition
high cholesterol
fatty foods
bad diet
genetics
toxins (CO)
lack of exercise
smoking
alcoholism
stress/hypertension
african american (then caucasians, asians) |
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Term
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Definition
depends where it occurs
contralateral paralysis
most common=paralysis
-motor areas more vulnerable |
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Term
| Drug treatment for stroke |
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Definition
-thrombolytics "clot busters"
-aspirin-ischemic stroke
-need drugs that block glutamate and can reduce damage |
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Term
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Definition
inattention
impulsive behavior
hyperactivity
cannot finish a task
sustaining attention
restlessness/fidgeting
reacting without thought
more common in boys
usually life-long but can grow out of it
can create learning disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
-dopamine in prefrontal cortex is hypofunctional, so there is a decrease in dopamine which is used to sustain attention
-dopamine also controls impulses, it has a lot of inhibitory functions
-Ritalin: increases dopamine as a stimulant, works 80% of the time
-to increase dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, a drug needs to be administered that increases dopamine. most drugs do help. |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System and ADHD |
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Definition
-RAS is responsible for arousal
-starts in brainstem and sends out fibers |
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Term
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Definition
-RAS is overactive
-usually responding to information and sending out sensory info
-if working correctly, there should be a filtering, or blocking out, of excess sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
-RAS in underactive
-RAS arouses prefrontal cortex and sends info to it so it can do its job
-if underactive, prefrontal cortex is now at deficit and less active
-strattera is used to increase norepinephrine which stimulates the brain and increases activity of RAS |
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Term
| sensory processing disorder |
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Definition
-patient shows difficulties processing information
-brain doesnt process movement and balance (feedback from this)
-constantly seeking a sensation |
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Term
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Definition
-ADD/ADHD's have poor behavioral inhibition or control
-more stimulus-driven
-react vs. respond
-anti-saccade task to measure behavioral inhibition: eye movements
-kids with and without ADD given test with fixation pt. on computer, told to wait and make eye contact to opposite side when stimulus flash is given
-ADD continuously did it to wrong side |
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Term
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Definition
-Ritalin (90% US)
-side effects: loss of appetite, dry mouth, insomnia, more likely to be addicted to other drugs
-other therapies include getting education to structure one's environment and rewiring the brain to change it |
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Term
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Definition
-ventricles hold fluid in the brain, they get larger in size as one ages.
-this refers to a loss of brain tissue, or Atrophy |
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Term
| aging in the brain and vision |
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Definition
-the pupil gets less dilated and slower at dilations
-dark conditions=eyesight is poorer
-brain tissue causes dilation |
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Term
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Definition
-as brain ages, parts of visual system become unclear
-holes or gaps in vision
-could be a lens problem; brain fills in with what is missing
-start perceiving something where gaps are (rewiring)
-hallucinations can be adaptations of visual cortex |
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Term
| olfaction and aging in the brain |
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Definition
-get olfaction sensation
-info could be emotional..smells good, smells awful
-amygdala: limbic system structure that receives the sense of smell |
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Term
| aging brain and plasticity |
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Definition
-changing brain
-looked at exercise in 60 year olds vs. no excerise...found through fMRI that 2 areas improved in excerisers, the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe.
-prefrontal cortex is important for working memory.
-also found better spatial attention
-another expt. found that aerobically fit elderly performed better on attention tasks |
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Term
| Why changes in prefrontal/parietal lobe? |
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Definition
1. BDNF levels
-now know that exercise rasies BDNF levels, to keep lower supplies up
-BDNF can increase sprouting (dendrites and axons)
-growth of new axon=neurogenesis
-less BDNF=less neurogenesis
2. class of drugs: ampakines
-increase BDNF, especially in hippocampus
-show much better performace on memory tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| more common in males, most operate at mentally retarded state, most have social and cognitive problems, no emotion |
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