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| The branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system |
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| scientific field concerned with the discovery and study of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system |
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transmitter based on modification of a single amino acid nucleus
ex)acetylcholine, serotonin, or dopamine |
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| Peptide neurotransmitter (neuropeptide) |
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| transmitter consisting of short chain of amino acids |
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| soluble gas such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron |
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| protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone |
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| receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist |
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| receptor protein that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated use a g protein system to open a nearby ion channel |
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| type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter |
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| any substance that binds itself to a receptor |
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| binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter |
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| molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a transmitter |
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| molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a transmitter |
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| substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the opposite of what the naturally occuring transmitter does |
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| arising from outside the body |
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| appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal |
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| neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons by motoneurons, and by neurons throughout the brain |
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| cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter |
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cholinergic receptors that respond to nioctine as well as acetylcholine
usually excitatory |
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cholinergic receptor that responds to the chemical muscarine as well as acetylcholine
slower responses when activated. excitatory or inhibitory |
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| class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitter, including dopamine and norepinephrine |
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| neurotransmitters including seratonin and melatonin |
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transmitter found in the midbrain - especially substantia nigra and basal forebrain
(reward system) |
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| set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum |
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| "black spot". pigmented neurons in the midbrain that provides dopaminergic projections to areas of the forebrain |
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| caudate nucleus and putamen together |
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| set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex. in the Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
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| Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
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| poriton of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens |
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| neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity. also produced in the brain stem and found in projections throughout the brain |
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| "blue spot." small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain |
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systems using norepinephrine as a transmitter.
modulate many behavioral and physiological processes, including mood, overall arousal, and sexual behavior |
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| synaptic transmitter produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres |
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| neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter |
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| stirng of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain |
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| amino acid transmitter, most common excitatory transmitter |
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| amino acid transmitter that is excitatory at many synapses |
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| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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| widely distributed amino acid transmitter, main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system |
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amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory
gaba and glycine are the two major inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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| cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter |
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| property by which neurons die when overstimmulated, with large amounts of glutamate |
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| type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid recepters and producing marked analgesia and reward |
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soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system
stimulates production of second messengers |
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| neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron |
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propensity of molecules of a drug to bind to receptors
lower affinity drugs will bind fewer receptor molecules |
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| efficacy (intrinsic activity) |
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| extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor |
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| agonists have a high ______ and antagonists have a low _______ |
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| substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for the same binding site on a receptor molecule |
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| drug that affects a transmitter receptor while binding at a site other than that bound by the dengoenous ligand |
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| portion of a receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor's response to its transmitter |
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| Dose-response curve (DRC) |
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| formal plot of a drugs effects versus the dose given |
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| collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target recepteors, such as affinity and efficacy |
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| tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to a drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at clearing the drug |
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| decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up or down regulation of receptors |
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| substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms |
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process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways different from the actions of the original substance
unwanted side affects |
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| collective names for all factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, an out of the body |
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| drug like procaine or lidocaine, that blocks sodium channels to stop neural transmission in pain fibers. |
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| substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters |
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| receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released. |
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antipsychotic drugs.
dopamine receptor blockers |
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| major class of antischizophrenic drugs that share antagonist activity at dopamine receptors |
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class of anti-schizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine receptor antagonism.
blockade of certain serotonin receptors |
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| enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters. |
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| class of drugs that act by increasing synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine |
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| drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses |
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| antianxiety drugs that bind to site on GABA receptors (vallium) |
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| receptor for which no endogenous ligand ahs yet been discovered |
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| naturally occuring steroid that modulates GABA receptor activity in much the same way that benzo anxiolytics do |
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| opiate compound derived from the poppy flower |
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| referring to painkilling properties |
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| artificially modified, very potent from of morphine |
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| neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connect the third and fourth ventricles; involved in pain perception. |
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| family of peptide transmitters called the "body's own narcotics" |
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| 3 main kinds of opioid receptors |
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| endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; analog of marijuana produced by the brain |
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| endogenous substance that binds to the cannabinoid receptor molecule |
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| african shrub chewed for a stimulant |
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| increases heart rate, blood pressure, and intestinal activity |
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| blocking monoamine transporters, slowing reuptake of the transmitters and boosting their effects |
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ehances transmitters activity
blocks reuptake of catecholamines into presynaptic terminal
provides alternative target for the enzyme that normally inactivates them. |
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cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
peptide produced when animal is injected with either coaine or amphetamine |
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| type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is party separated from sensory input |
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| increase release of serotonin, changes level of dopamine. |
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| maladptive pattern of substance use that has lasted more than a month but does not fully meet the criteria for dependence. |
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| unpleasant feelings; the opposite of euphoria |
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| regio of forebrain that recieves dopaminergic innvervation from the ventral tegmental area |
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region of cortex lying below the surface, within the lateral sulcus, of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
ex) could effortlessly quit smoking |
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