Term
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Definition
| The study of brain-behavioral relationships, with an eye for clinical implications such as cognitive integrity, development of appropriate rehab programs, and contribute to the legal and practical decision making. |
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Definition
| The father of Western medicine, and the first to associate the brain with mental, physical, emotional experience and mental illnesses. |
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Definition
| Considered the brain a hydraulic mechanism, emotions and personality are functions of "humours". |
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Definition
| First detailed anatomical charts drawn largely from animal and often illegal human surgeries and autopsies. |
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Definition
| Unintentionally opened doors for legal human dissection and accurate knowledge of human anatomy with Mind-Body dualism treatise. |
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Definition
| The first localizationist with Phrenology. |
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Definition
| One location, one function. Forms the basis of many of the original intelligence, achievement, and neuropsych tests such as the Halstead-Reitan. It is not useful for rehab and is now understood as NOT the way the brain functions. |
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Term
| Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens |
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Definition
| Experimented with animals by creating brain lesions. He threw out the idea of localization of function because of these experiments. |
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Definition
| First to clearly show specialization and localization of brain function. First accurate, functional localizationist. |
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Definition
| Following the observations of Broca, he identified receptive language areas. His work contributed to the idea of cortical involvement with "higher" mental processes. |
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Definition
| Their work led to an understanding that the cortex was also involved with simpler functions, not just "higher" cognitive functions. First defined the motor strip and confirmed the Greek observations of contralaterality. |
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Definition
| Emphasized the need for more knowledge of brain and mind relationships long before testing developed; opened the way for assessment. |
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Definition
| First integrated science into philosophy of consciousness. |
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Definition
| Experiments on dogs failed to support localization of function. He proposed that all parts of the cortex were equally capable of developing control over behavior. |
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Definition
| All areas of the brain can do all things. Also known as Kennard's Law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested different areas of the brain are associated with different levels of behavioral processing and execution. His hierarchical model mediated between the strict localizationists and the "mass actionists" or equipotentialists. |
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Definition
| Developed the first recognized neuropsychological lab and assessment battery to identify a specific test for each major cortical function called the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB). |
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Definition
| Developed a theory of the brain based on "functional units" of brain organization and emphasized the process approach in diagnosis. |
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Definition
| The primary developer of the American version of Luria's process approach, AKA the Boston approach. |
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Definition
| Published the "Bible" of neuropsychological assessment and is extending the field of knowledge to include cultural considerations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Her work with diversity in neuropsych has major implications for the field, and found that the WISC is an inappropriate measure to give to African American children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modern thinking, first adopted by the "Boston School". |
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Term
| Luria's Primary Cortical Zones |
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Definition
| Sensory or motor initiating. Primary sensory or motor cortices. (Sense) ex. Primary visual cortex detects a pattern of dots and colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptual or motor organizing; secondary sensory or motor cortices. (perceives and organizes). ex. Secondary visual cortex identifies "chair". |
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Term
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Definition
| Are integrative/associative/conceptual; tertiary sensory or motor cortices. (Conceptualize & integrate). ex. |
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Term
| Luria's First Functional Unit |
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Definition
| Those structures and functions that underlie maintaining "optimal cortical tone"; i.e. level of arousal and attention. Strongly involved in attention, concentration, sleepiness, wakefulness, and sustaining effort. Largely the ARAS (basal forebrain) and limbic system. |
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Term
| Luria's Second Functional Unit |
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Definition
| Those structures and functions that underlie the acquisition and retention of information; i.e. sensation, perception, and memory. Acquires information about the outside world, proprioceptive and interoceptive sensors monitor internal environment and state. Perception=interpretation of sensation; requires experience and memory. Memory is KEY to establishing cognitive structure. |
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Term
| Luria's Third Functional Unit |
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Definition
| Those structures and functions that underlie planning, initiation, and verification of action; i.e. executive process, motor organization, and initiation. Primarily concerned with output - heavily involves intermediating processes (decision making, planning, strategizing, prioritizing, "presence". Largely pre-frontal, with input from limbic and posterior cortical structures. Most uniquely human - could be equated with "personality". |
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Term
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Definition
| Not aroused enough, performance suffers- too aroused, performance suffers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interpretation, organization, and storage of information -internal and external. Working memory best reflects functional integrity of the brain best. Is the most commonly impacted by damage and reflects the greatest threat to recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined the entire human cortex, millimeter by millimeter on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Correlate with function and are still used today to understand and predict cortical function. |
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Term
| Nervous System Organization |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The meninges lined boney plate that the brain sits on. All blood vessels and many cranial nerves enter/exit through this structure. |
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Definition
| Seat of automatic, reflexsive functions required for life. Damage here usually kills or produces decerebrate rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arm and leg extensor spasm, head back, hands flexed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of many cranial nerves; neurotransmitter synthesis (Raphe, Locus Cereleus, and Substantia Nigra); motor modulation. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Connects left and right Cerebellar lobes; more cranial nerves. Damage here causes decorticate rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leg extensor spasm, arms curled opposite to head turn, hands flexed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the diencephalon, it is the 'relay' station for all somatic senses except smell; it routes signals to the appropriate cortex. Performs some basic perceptual processes such as visual awareness and pain. Involved in arousal. Integrates functions that arise bilaterally, and is heavily involved in elements of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute hemianesthesia (no sensation on one side) followed by elevated pinprick, heat & cold senses. Ultimately hyperesthesia (enhanced sensation in an uncomfortable way) and "thalamic hyperpatia" (many physical sensations become painful and aggravated by emotional stress or fatigue). Women tend to get this more than men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual cortex is damaged but the thalamus still perceives light. The person is blind but can tell if it is day or night or if the lights are on or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in the sleep cycle and arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seat and master regulator of the entire Autonomic Nervous System. Integrates with the Pituitary to regulate Endocrine system. Contributes to emotional elements of memory (damage removes emotional context of memories). Contributes to distribution of sleep and arousal to body (via adrenalin). |
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Term
| Damage to the Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Can produce numerous 'psychological' problems looking like depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar, psychoses, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct input/output sources for the entire brain. Mostly situated in the brain stem or midbrain (except I and II). Easily damaged especially in athletes. |
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Term
| Cranial Nerves (Number and Name) |
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Definition
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Acoustic
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Spinal Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oculomotor. Eye movement, iris & lens, opening of the eyelid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trochlear. Eye movement, medial and down. Towards the nose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trigeminal. Sense from face and teeth. Feeds VII info to keep cheeks away from teeth. Has three branches. |
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Term
| Three branches of Cranial Nerve V |
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Definition
Opthalmic - forehead, eyes
Maxillary - upper jaw
Mandibulary - lower jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| Abducens. Eye movement lateral. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial. Moving the face, closing the eyelid and taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, sour, salty). |
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Term
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Definition
| Acoustic. Hearing and motor to the ear drum (increases or decreases tightness of the ear drum). Vestibular sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal. Motor to the throat, taste posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter), gag reflexes, throat elements of talking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vagus. Tastes, swallows, palate elevation. Communication with thoraco-viceral organs (heart, lungs, stomach, etc.). |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal Accessory. Turns head, lifts head, shrugs shoulders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoglossal. Moves tongue, talks, and keeps tongue out of way of teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to provide constant blood supply and blood pressure even if one route is blocked. Input primarily through internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebral and basilar arteries are damaged due to neck bending back for long periods of time. |
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Term
| Which cranial nerve does not function ipsilaterally to the location of origin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial Nerves are considered part of the ? even though they arise in the ? . |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two nerves are actually fiber tracts and not true nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerve does not exit the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves project through the foramena in the eye socket? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves exit through the foramena in the facial bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves exit through the base of the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve I |
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Definition
| Produces anosmia (lack of smell), hyperosmia (overly sensitive to smells), parosmia (weird smells, olfactory illusions), and cacosmia (obnoxious or unpleasant odors). |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve II |
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Definition
| Scotomata (blind spots), field cuts (not neglects), amblyopia (a dimming of vision and a general reduction in clarity, and amaurosis (inherited or acquired blindness without ocular/retinal lesions). |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve III |
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Definition
| Inabilities to move eyes in the directions specified. Ptosis (drooping of the eyelids), difficulty accommodating to objects near-far-near, strabismus (one eye wanders), diplopia (double vision), alternating dilation/constriction of pupil in constant light, and oscillopsia (an illusion of movement in stationary objects). |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve IV |
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Definition
| Prevents person from looking down with their eyes. |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve V |
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Definition
| Loss of ability to chew or clench teeth, trigeminal neuralgia is a pain syndrome, loss of sensation to face, dissociate anesthesia (loss of pain, but not touch), no sneezing. |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve VI |
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Definition
| Produces loss of the ability to look laterally. |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve VII |
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Definition
| Commonly produces Bell's Palsy. When attempting to close eyes, eyeball on the affected side may roll up. Flat facial expression and loss of ability to generate faces, loss of taste and salivation, various pain syndromes with loss of taste, facial paroxysms (tics, twitches, spasms), drooling, grimacing (without intent). |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve VIII |
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Definition
| Deafness or loss of specific frequency domains, tinnitits, supranuclear disorders (receptive aphasia), auditory hallucinations and illusions, epileptic auras, vertigo, nystagmus, labyrinthine disease (tachycardia nausea, reactivity to low blood pressure). |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve IX |
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Definition
| Paralysis or spasticity in throat, loss of gag reflex, difficulty swallowing, uvula deviation, loss of taste of bitter, loss of sensation of swallowing, loss of "aahhh" response on command, odd changes in heart rate and respiration. |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve X |
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Definition
| Can be quite serious and life threatening, dysphagia and difficulty talking are obvious, autonomic disregulation (especially in heart and lungs). Loss of speech, vocal cord paralysis, aphonia. Loss of pain and temperature sensation, but with pain from thyroid to the ear. |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve XI |
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Definition
| Can immobilize head in expected ways, shoulder shrug is lost, drooping of shoulders and back, problem raising head or chin, spasms and torticollis (curious puppy head cock). |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve XII |
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Definition
| Supranuclear palsy (tongue extends off midline) flaccid paralysis of the tongue, dysarthria and ataxia of the tongue, fasciculations in tongue, loss of deep sensation of pain and temperature in affected side of face or body. |
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Term
| Injury to Cranial Nerve XII |
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Definition
| Supranuclear palsy (tongue extends off midline) flaccid paralysis of the tongue, dysarthria and ataxia of the tongue, fasciculations in tongue, loss of deep sensation of pain and temperature in affected side of face or body. |
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Term
| Which arteries are the most fragile? |
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Definition
| Communicating arteries especially the anterior communicating artery which is especially prone to aneurysm. |
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Term
| Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood? |
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Definition
| Essentially the entire medial cortex, from frontal lobes through the parietal and portions of the secondary occipital cortex. |
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Term
| Where does the middle cerebral artery supply blood? |
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Definition
| Most of the lateral portions of the cortex from frontal lobes through the parietals, portions of the secondary occipital, and the superior half of the lateral temporal lobes. |
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Term
| Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood? |
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Definition
| Most of the occipital cortex and lower third and ventral portions of the temporal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originally considered a sensory relay station, also involved in motor and sensory integration, higher cortical processes, memory, emotionality, attention, language, and perception of pain. Feeds upwards to cortical regions only. |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| Sight, located in Thalamus |
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Term
| Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) |
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Definition
| Sound. Located in thalamus. |
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Term
| Ventral posterior-lateral nucleus (VGN) |
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Definition
| Touch/pain. Located in the thalamus. |
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Term
| What are some basic thalamic facts? |
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Definition
| The thalamus is asymmetrical with the right generally bigger than the left. Part of the diencephalon/midbrain. Connects Substantia Nigra (dopamine) and Red nucleus to Basal Ganglia. Also integrates with Epithalamus (connects the Colliculi, Pineal Gland (circadian rhythm), Habenula (pleasure), and Posterior Commissure (connects posterior cortex). |
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Term
| Damage to the intralaminar nuclei causes... |
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Definition
| Destroys awareness, may be "seat of consciousness" the person starts to disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thalamic syndrome, various motor, executive, primary sensory, emotional, and memory dysfunctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes mamillary bodies, infundibulum, the posterior pituitary, and elements of the optic chiasm. Primarily involved in autonomic regulation, emotional expression, and subjective experience (ex. butterfly's in the stomach). Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual drives and expression, body temperature, arousal, pleasure, emotional elements of memory, sympathetic activation and parasympathetic activity. |
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Term
| Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) |
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Definition
| Compensatory (eat when hungry, drink when thirsty, etc.) |
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Term
| Ventral Medial Hypothalamus (VMH or MH) |
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Definition
| Satiates (stop eating when full) |
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Term
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Definition
| Temperature regulation, fluid regulation, sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| Massive dopaminergic tract conduction |
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Term
| Non-hormonal hypothalamic dysfuntions |
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Definition
| Visual disruption (often hemianopsia - losing sight in one eye), emotional amnesia, reduced emotional impact, less emotional salience (Jemai vu - feeling unfamiliar in a familiar place), sleep disturbances, motivated behavior disturbances, (feeding, drinking, sexual engagement), and body temperature regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Emotional, Memory, or Smell brain, Visceral Brain, Reptillian Brain, or Rhinencephalon (nose brain). |
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Term
| Components of Limbic System |
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Definition
| Consists of cranial nerve I, amygdala, septal nuclei, hippocampus, fimbria, fornix, diagonal band of Broca, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus. |
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Term
| Function of Limbic System |
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Definition
| Primarily involved in memory processing and emotional reactions and responses, reaction to smell/the memories associated with smell, dopaminergic input from medial forebrain bundle to septal nucleus and adrenergic arousal through pathways to the amygdala. Also has strong connections to prefrontal cortex which helps to organize new information to memory stores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in center of anterior temporal lobes on anterior most end of hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct connection to hypothalamus for appetitive functioning and autonomic arousal, direct input from CNI via stria laterallis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects dissonance, olfactory involvement in memory, attaches emotional significance to memory, associated with orienting and alarm response, associated with territorial aggression/defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can become hyperactive (over arousal), can also produce tameness, placidity, apathy, produce Kluver-Bucy syndrome, and may be the seat of many forms of epilepsy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passivity, hyperorality, hypersexuality, "psychic blindness" (does not recall what has just been seen or experienced), not common in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sweeps from anterior central temporal lobe into the central, basal forebrain, and septal nucleus. Has numerous connections for almost all areas of the cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory organization, prioritization, generalization, parahippocampal gyrus processes more info for memory, encodes most forms of memory (except procedural). |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies in the anterior most areas within the basal forebrain at the end of the fimbria, fornix, stria terminalis and the top end of the medial forebrain bundle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognizes "consonance" or return to baseline or expected, familiar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage can produce "Sham" rage reactions, any stimulus sets off a powerful defensive reaction. |
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Term
| Mamillary Bodies Location |
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Definition
| Midline structures just behind and under the hypothalamus and connects to hippocampus via the fornix, and to the amygdala via the stria terminalis. |
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Term
| Mamillary Bodies Function |
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Definition
| Important to memory functions, emotionality, and learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage can produce "personality" changes and anterograde amnesia (no new learning). |
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Term
| Basal Ganglia consists of... |
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Definition
| Matrix of the largest subcortical nuclei including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen (lenticular/lentiform), nucleus accumbens, and amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms the structures of the extra-pyramidal motor system, modulate, fine-tune and prepare for motor action, elements of motor learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dysfunction produces "extrapyramidal signs", Parkinson's signs, tremor at rest, athetosis (writhing, snakelike movements), ballismus (on excitation person flails, overreation to stimuli), choreoform movements (jerky movements), dystonias (11th nerve movement is stiff and rigid), Tardive dyskinesia (substantia nigra is gone). Huntington's chorea, and tourette's. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from midline laterally to the folia, primary seat of Motor Learning (muscle memory), contributes to speech and language, executive decision making, and interpersonal style, many synapses are ephaptic (electrical) which makes learning in the cerebellum essentially permanent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conceptualization, organization, and initiation of motor action, language production (left), language and motor prosody - intention patterns or how you say it (right), comportment and socialization, executive functioning, memory organization, conceptualize information, motivation, focus, concentration, selection, "self" functions (concept, esteem, insight, etc.). |
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Term
| New Concepts of Executive Functions |
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Definition
"Hot spot" identification of function suggests that the pre-frontal cortex operates more like Luria's third functional unit (planning, initiation, verification, and modulation of action).
Macro concepts like "inhibition" or "impulsivity" are now being broken down or abandoned for more operational concepts like selected attention, behavioral selection, and delay. |
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Term
| New Concepts of Executive Functions |
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Definition
"Hot spot" identification of function suggests that the pre-frontal cortex operates more like Luria's third functional unit (planning, initiation, verification, and modulation of action).
Macro concepts like "inhibition" or "impulsivity" are now being broken down or abandoned for more operational concepts like selected attention, behavioral selection, and delay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arcuate (connects cortex to cortex) connection to posterior cortex (especially posterior tertiary cortext). Processes external context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep connections to limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem. Processes internal context. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tips of the frontal lobe, integrates information from lateral convexitites and orbital medial cortex for experience, concepts of self, problem solving, organization, and fluid thinking. |
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Term
| Right Medial Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
| Energization/activation-initiate activity based on what's out there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction, sequence, and priority. Where do I need to direct myself and when? |
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Term
| Left Lateral Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
| Task setting - what do I need to do given my current context? |
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Term
| Right Lateral Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
| Self monitoring - is what I'm doing what I need to? |
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Term
| Bilateral orbital, ventromedial Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
| Emotion and behavioral regulation. Self direction. |
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Term
| Anterior Left and Right Poles |
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Definition
| Last to myelinate - metacognition, qualia (experience), fluid thinking, and awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactile sensation (somatosensory functioning), visuospatial functioning, reading/symbolic elements of calculation, body orientation, right/left orientation, facial recognition, "where" & "when" of memory, language comprehension, prosody comprehension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision, visual perception and interpretation, contributes to diurnal cycles, visual-spatial organization, integration of elements of visual field into gestalt, integration of visual with auditory and tactile information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing, auditory perception/word recognition, language comprehension, receptive prosody, memory ("what" memory), emotionality, contributes to self awareness, elements of social comportment, facial recognition (fusiform gyrus). |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve that supplies the muscles that moves the direction of gaze away from the midline. |
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