Term
|
Definition
Phenology: different skull size indicates different intelligences
primarily important as first identification that Brain and behaviour are related
phrenology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first medical person to identify areas of brain are related to function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
left frontal inferior lobe
word finding disability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continued Broca's work on Brain area and function
identified different degrees of damage to brain produced different degrees of problem
breadth and severity of cognitive impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporal lobe; left medial
comprehension difficulty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
studied case of Phineas Gage
damage to right frontal lobe: produced changes in emotion regulation and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the unconscious: recognition that brain responsible for behaviour
Freud, Skinner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early 1900's; World War I |
|
|
Term
| Norman Geshwind, 1926-1984 |
|
Definition
behavioral neurology
cerebral lateralization: from studies at the Boston Veterans Hospital |
|
|
Term
| impairment in first century |
|
Definition
early demonology consisted of
spirit demons
exorcism
trepanning |
|
|
Term
| first neuropsychology assessment |
|
Definition
| puritans assessment of abnormality: dunking as a test of abnormality |
|
|
Term
| Gall's system of psych assessment |
|
Definition
1. brain is organ of the mind
2. mind is composed of multiple, distinct innate faculties
3. distinction means separate organ in brain
4. size of organ is measure of power
5. shape of brain indicates development of that organ
6. surface of skull indicates psych aptitudes and tendencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forgotten people in 18th/19th C. often with neuropsychological disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behaviour is related to the brain
patient of Broca's with loss of speech |
|
|
Term
| Geshwind's first validated neuropsychological tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contributing disciplines to neuropsychology |
|
Definition
clinical neurosciences-neuropathology & clinical symptoms
educational psychology-standardized testing
clinical psychology-personality & social behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neuropsychological assessment for:
copying (parietal lobes)
memory (immediate memory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
does the testing / assessment relate to real life context
is the assessment able to predict future behaviour and outcomes |
|
|
Term
| Practice of NPS Assessment |
|
Definition
1. diagnosis
2. patient care and planning
3. treatment planning and remediation
4. treatment evaluation
5. research
6. forensic nps |
|
|
Term
| NPS assessment is a combination of: |
|
Definition
forensic observation
diagnostic testing
standardized testing
identification of areas of deficit and levels of impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
function & anatomical integrity of CNS
system assess. of neuroanatomical subsys
looking for patterns indicating neuropathology to aid in diagnostic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prior 1970s: xrays
CT: first soft tissue analysis: calcification, bleed, bone abnormalities
most accessible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-localization
- cranial nerve measurement
-limbs & joint orientation
NOT assess: cognition: memory, executive functioning, emotionality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-structural neuroimaging
-based on water molecules having diff. magnetic properties when in different tissue environments
-lesions, atrophy, shearing/tearing of tissue, CSF leaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-performance of brain
-mainly research: engaging patient in cognitive tasks
-relationship between brain & behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrophysiological techniques |
|
Definition
-study electrical activity: EEG
-prescreening epilepsy
-MEG: better depth and sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of Neuropsychology |
|
Definition
assess: -behaviour: executive functioning
-cognition
-emotions |
|
|
Term
| Neuropsychological Assess |
|
Definition
to any physical assessment: ADD
-intensive study of Behaviour via:
-interviews
-standardized tests
-stand. questionnaires
= infer brain function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changed view of brain damage causing impairment along single dimension
Technology provided proof of damage;
NPS now provided characterization of cognitive impairment in terms of breadth, severity, consistency with a diagnosis & veracity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the additional issues that affect results
context dependent affects of brain injury
i.e. nature, extent damage, location, duration, age, sex, previous psychosocial conditions, physical conditions, psychological conditions |
|
|
Term
| 4 classes of cognitive function |
|
Definition
receptive function
Memory & learning
expressive/emotionality
cognitive/thinking |
|
|
Term
| behaviour explained by 3 constructs |
|
Definition
cognition
emotionality (feelings & motivational states)
executive functon(how expressed or controlled) |
|
|
Term
| brain damage not act in isolation |
|
Definition
although cognition, predominant sign:
damage affects all 3 areas of function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the entry of info to central processing syst.
-perception, active processing
-integration of sensory impressions
-sensory reception
-integration of awareness, recognition, discrimination, patterning, & orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
explicit memory
-involves explicit awareness
-ability to remember passwords, phone #, objects |
|
|
Term
| incidental memory/learning |
|
Definition
unconscious memory, learning
-procedural memories
-overlearned behaviour
- contextual memory
-info collected without direct effort
-word stem test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
habit system
how to do everyday tasks |
|
|
Term
| stages of memory processing: 5 |
|
Definition
1. registration/sensory memory
2a. immediate/working memory: mental sketchpad: "7 bits info"
2b. rehearsal:consolidation in hippocampus
3. consolidation + storing:
4. Longterm memory & retrieval
5. recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neuropsychological test for memory and verbal abilities
CALIFornia verbal learning test |
|
|
Term
| registration or sensory memory |
|
Definition
holds large amounts of incoming info in sensory store
a selecting & recording process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
apraxia
constructional disorders
agraphia
aphasia
forgetting
amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information retrieval is remembering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a stimulus triggers awareness, then remembering takes place through recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is learned as knowledge
e.g. who painted the Mona Lisa? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mental operation that relates two or more bits of information explicitly or implicitly
-computation
-concept formation
-abstracting & generalizing
-ordering, organizing, planning, problem solving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-speaking
-drawing or writing, manipulating
-physical gestures |
|
|
Term
| Mental Activity Variables |
|
Definition
Attention
-focused
-sustained
-divided
example tests: digit symbol, brief test of attention, ruff 2 & 7 |
|
|
Term
| mental activity variables |
|
Definition
executive functions
capacities that enable a person to engage successfully in independent purposive self-serving behaviour |
|
|
Term
| mental activity variables |
|
Definition
1.personality/emotionality
2.consciousness:awareness of self & surroundings
3.attentional functions:how organism is receptive to stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Neuropsychological Caveat |
|
Definition
any given behavior is the product of a myriad of complex neurophysiological and biochemical interactions
-no one to one relationship between a specific behavior and specific neuroanatomical structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized abnormal tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cluster of deficits that tend to occur together with some regularity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scientist seeking to identify qualitative analysis of brain damage
importance of dissecting structure of function and physiological mechanisms behind those functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general factor of intelligence that contributes to all cognitive activities |
|
|
Term
| neurochemical alterations of long-term, secondary learning and consolidation |
|
Definition
| neurons, synapse, dendritic, prunning,apopstosis |
|
|
Term
| localization of dysfunction |
|
Definition
helps identify cognitive constructs and areas of problems in brain
neuroanatomical correlates & disorders associated with it |
|
|
Term
| NPS assessment: differential diagnosis |
|
Definition
recognizing deficits to:
confirm or
rule out diagnosis
specific patterns of behaviour and ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being stuck in a specific task or behaviour = frontal lobe disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hindbrain
Forebrain
Midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
processes to keep physical alive: heartrate, respiration
damage here affects:
corticospinal tract decussation
attentional processes
regulating activating and awareness systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Neurons
-Glia
:: little assessed in NPS |
|
|
Term
| Hindbrain: Reticular Formation |
|
Definition
-from upper spinal cord to diencephalon
-reticular activating system: wakefulness & alerting mechanisms
-nerve centers for posture, smooth muscle movement & tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major pathwoays between cerebrum and cerebellum
pons + cerebellum = postural and kinesthetic sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to assess primal brain function
primarily used by emergency
includes: eye opening, verbal response, best motor response
- score out of 15 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
widespread connections with subcortical & cortical region
injury: impairments in fine motor control, posture: vertigo & nystagmus
First part of brain affected by alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reticular ACtivating System: motor speed, manual dexterity
-sensory and motor centers: auditory & visual system processing at the level of reflex & automatic responses
-Lesions associated with tremor, rigidity & extraneous local motor movement
attention- map tracing test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
11 or more circumscribed nuclei
Sensory Relay Center:esp. somatic senses
injury affects tactile disturbance, unilateral neglect,amnesia(memory), learning/defective encoding, recall of past information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclei that regulates physiologically based drives (sexual arousal, rage, fear, hunger, thirst)
collateral info. to help with assessment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes: Caudate, Putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallidus
affects: movement, impaired motor learning
bender visual motor gestalt test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amygdala, cingulate & hippocampus
-important for emotion, motivation & memory
behavioral disorders
CVLT, Wechsler IQ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major role in learning and retention: memory
rapid assoc. of info. from multiple cortical areas
lateralized specialization
affects: memory, severity dependant upon pathological inclusion of adjacent areas |
|
|
Term
| Forebrain: Cingulate Cortex |
|
Definition
Attention, response selection & emotional behaviour
sustained concentration, ability to divide attention |
|
|
Term
| Intracerebral Conduction Pathways |
|
Definition
Assoc. fibers: slowed processing, attentional impairments
commisural fibers: corpus callosum & cerebral hemisphere connection |
|
|
Term
| Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex |
|
Definition
convoluted outer layer of brain
the lobes
systematically organized
Functional specialization of hemispheres
art |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagining & simulating future events: hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disturbances of purposeful expressive functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-focused
-sustained (concentration)
-divided attention
-alternating attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bias toward attention getting stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observation of stimuli which attends to observer's goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results in changes to emotional dulling, disinhibiton, heightened anxiety
complex interaction as product of emotional/neurological disabilities, social demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mood swings
-result of weakened exec control
-lost emotional sensitivity & modulation
-brief episodes of strong emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
important for memory
normal learning and retention
emotion
amygdala located here: process & recognition of emotion |
|
|
Term
| presupposition of deficit measurement |
|
Definition
| presuposes some ideal, normal or prior level of functioning against which the patient's performance can be measured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normative derived from:
1.appropriate normative population
2. individual premorbid history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses individual and normative standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
estimated premorbid score;
from: current testing
socio-demographic estimates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination of:
best performance on tests
clinical judgement
historical data
other(s) observations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overall distribution of performance tends to be skewed in abnormal direction: with nature setting "upper limit" |
|
|
Term
| forensic/Indirect NPS assessments |
|
Definition
| loss or impairment can only be compared with previous ability to identify changes: which is often hard to identify |
|
|
Term
| direct measurement of deficit |
|
Definition
assessment with normative comparison standards for the behavior in question
"general standards" OF ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clock drawing test
house drawing test
WAIS IV
mini mental state exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| previous scores on same tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 know/purpose of exam
2 treat patient as individual and their best interest |
|
|
