Term
| function of cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| higher learning, problem solving, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes info from cerebral cortex and transmits it to the brain stem. this is an efferent, motor function. |
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Term
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Definition
| relay station from brain stem to cerebral cortex. has an afferent, sensory function. |
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Term
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Definition
| intersection between nervous and endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for balance, and position |
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Term
| three parts of the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| for head movement; works with cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| has heavy vascular supply; regulates rate and depth of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| contains respiratory control center, cardiac center (heart rate,) baso (pressure) control |
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Term
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Definition
| bright, alert, responsive |
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Term
| 2 cranial nerves that don't originate from the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 most common reasons for a visit to the vet (besides preventative care) |
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Definition
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Term
| difference between stuporous and comatose |
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Definition
| stuporous = animal appears to be asleep and can be aroused with strong stimulation such as pain. comatose = animal does not respond to any stimuli |
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Term
| cranial nerves that are pure motors |
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Definition
| O.T.A.A.H. = oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal |
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Term
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Definition
| Thank God For Vegas = Trigeminal, Glossopharyngeal, Facial, Vagus |
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Term
| Pure sensory cranial nerves |
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Definition
| O.O.V. = olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear |
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Term
| purpose of accessory nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are bundled into fibers to form nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the purpose for the 'bitter' part of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| what taste do cats not have? |
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Definition
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Term
| the components of the taste bud not including the nerve fibers are able to regenerate how often? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do we taste something? |
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Definition
| When food enters the mouth it is dissolved in saliva. Chemical is detected by sensory hairs and relayed to taste cells, which stimulate nerve fibers. Taste 'impulses' travel along facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves through the thalamus to the cerebrum. |
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Term
| Describe how sensory neurons are stimulated by a)salty things or b)sour things |
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Definition
| In both cases, the membrane of the taste cell is depolarized, which causes calcium channels to open, which causes neurotransmitters to be released and stimulate a sensory neuron. With salty taste, Sodium ions cause depolarization. With sour taste, Hydrogen ions cause depolarization. |
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Term
| Which nerve controls jaw movement and tone? |
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Definition
| MOTOR of Trigeminal nerve |
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Term
| Which muscles are most affected by the MOTOR of the Trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| masseter and temporalis(forehead) |
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Term
| What is a good way to assess jaw tone? |
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Definition
| Open the mouth - there should be resistance. Observe muscle size. |
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Term
| If a dog is unable to close its mandible, what nerve is affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: loss of muscle must be accompanied by loss of function in order to be a problem with the nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| nerve responsible for tongue movement |
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Definition
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Term
| how should tongue movement be assessed? |
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Definition
| observe position of tongue in the mouth, use of tongue by animal, retraction of the tongue when it is touched. |
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Term
| Nerves responsible for gag and swallow reflex |
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Definition
| mixed function of glossopharyngeal and vagus |
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Term
| How to assess gag and swallow reflex |
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Definition
| insert finger into pharynx - patient should gag, and then typically swallow. if swallow reflex is tested separately, gently push on external laryngeal area. |
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Term
| Just like taste needs saliva to dissolve substances, smell needs ____ to dissolve odors |
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Definition
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Term
| how to assess olfactory nerve |
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Definition
| observe general behavior, expose an odor without using sound (example: alcohol balls.) |
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Term
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Definition
| odors carried by the air are dissolved in mucus. the chemical is received by olfactory cells with stimulate nerve impulses that travel along the olfactory nerve, through the thalamus to the cerebrum |
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Term
| semicircular canals are located at ___ angles to eachother |
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Definition
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Term
| what does an animal with vestibular issues look like? |
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Definition
| tilted head, abnormal gait, twitching eyes |
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Term
| how is vestibular disease managed? |
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Definition
| In the clinic, need padded cage to prevent self injury. Anti-inflammatory, appetite inducing and vomit suppressor medications are given. |
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Term
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Definition
| electroretinogram - done on patients getting cataracts removed to make sure the retina/optic nerve is functioning |
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Term
| nerve responsible for hearing and balance |
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Definition
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Term
| two things responsible for the COLLECTION of sound waves |
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Definition
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Term
| at what point do sound waves turn into mechanical vibrations? |
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Definition
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Term
| which auditory ossicle touches the tympanic membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do we hear something? |
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Definition
| vibrations carried through auditory ossicles through oval window and enter the cochlea. Waves are created in the endolymph, which moves over sensory hairs, physically opening ion channels that depolarize the cell membrane. calcium enters the cell and causes release of neurotransmitters, which depolarize the nerve fiber leading to the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cerebrum. |
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Term
| what ion do these channels permit into the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| create audible stimulus that the patient cannot see or feel. may use increasing levels of sounds. |
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Term
| conduction deafness is due to |
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Definition
| loss of sound transmission in external and middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital defect of the cochlea, associated with white coat color |
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Term
| two parts that make up the vestibule |
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Definition
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Term
| the vestibule detects _____ |
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Definition
| movement of the head and linear motion |
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Term
| semicircular canals sense _____ movement of the head |
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Definition
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Term
| path of nerve impulses from the vestibule and semicircular canals |
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Definition
| vestibulocochlear nerve -> cerebellum for coordination -> cerebrum |
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Term
| how does the vestibule detect position of the head and linear motion? |
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Definition
| the utricle and saccule are filled with endolymph. the otoliths are suspended in a gel that coats the sensory hairs. The otoliths move and stimulate the hairs, which causes nerve impulses to be sent via the vestibular nerve. |
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Term
| how do the semicircular canals sense rotary movement? |
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Definition
| the canals are at right angles to each other in order to detect movement along all three axes (roll, pitch, and yaw.) The endolymph within the canals moves as the body moves. As the fluid moves over the cupula, a bundle of hair cells, vestibular nerve fibers are stimulated, which send the impulse to the cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| body posture, position of the head, ability to maintain balance as animal's position is changed ('righting' reflex) |
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Term
| name six muscles responsible for movement of the eye |
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Definition
| lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique |
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Term
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Definition
| light travels through the cornea, pupil, lens, and then through nerve cells to rods and cones on the back of the eye. photosensitive substances in the rods and cones become excited and impulses are sent through the optic nerve to the brain |
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Term
| difference between rods and cones |
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Definition
| cones = color and bright light. rods = black and white, low light levels |
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Term
| what determines the ability to see color? |
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Definition
| proportion of cones to rods |
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Term
| true or false: rods and cones contain vitamin A |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
following or tracking test: toss a dry cotton ball in the air.
maze test: perform a maze in a well lighted, then dimly lit or dark room |
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Term
| three nerves responsible for oculomotor function |
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Definition
| oculomotor, trochlear, abducens |
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Term
| what exactly is oculomotor function? |
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Definition
| movement of the eye in all directions, and retraction of the globe |
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Term
| oculomotor is motor to the _____ eyelid |
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Definition
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Term
| how to assess oculomotor function |
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Definition
| note position of iris/pupil. hold the animal's head stationary and observe their ability to track your hand. Menace test: check the menace reflex and put something very close to their eye to see if the globe retracts. Palpebral reflex: touching eyelid or preorbital skin will result in closure of the eyelid or blink Pupillary light reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal position of the iris/pupil. (strabismus is normal in siamese cats.) |
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Term
| reactions of pupillary light reflex test |
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Definition
| cornea and lens should be clear, otherwise this reflex won't work. in bright light, parasympathetic circular muscle oculomotor to constrict pupil. in low light, sympathetic radial muscle cervical sympathetic nerve to dilate pupil. |
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Term
| what does the pupillary light reflex actually assess? |
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Definition
| 'health of the retina' and optic nerve, autonomic innervation of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why do both pupils respond if only one is stimulated? |
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Definition
| the pupil that indirectly responds does so because of the optic chiasm. |
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Term
| what is ptosis and an abnormality in what nerve causes it? |
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Definition
| droopy upper eyelid; may also cause miosis and elevation of the 3rd eyelid. oculomotor |
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Term
| two nerves responsible for facial expression and sensation |
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Definition
| trigeminal (sensory) and facial (motor) |
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Term
| how to assess facial espression and sensation |
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Definition
| observe muscle tone and movement of face; apply light stimulus and observe response |
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Term
| true or false: the autonomic part of the nervous system includes motor and sensory nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| example of photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| example of chemoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of mechanoreceptors |
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Definition
| touch receptors, stretch receptors, baro receptors |
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Term
| Are cranial nerves part ofthe PNS or CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ependymal cells - location, morphology, function? |
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Definition
| line the fluid filled cavity of the brain and spinal cord. Have cilia - in the ventricles, they make CSF |
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Term
| Astrocytes - shape, location, function |
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Definition
| star shaped, commonly found between nerves and blood vessels, role in the blood-brain barrier (selective permeability,) metabolize glucose, respond to brain tissue injury |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes- location, function |
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Definition
| found in the brain and spinal cord, in rows along axons- form myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| scavengers of the CNS - phagocytize bacteria and debris, support neurons. in necropsy, diseased brain identified by large number of these cells |
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Term
| how are axons repaired after injury? |
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Definition
| axon portion distal to the injury degenerates, proximal end of injured axon regenerates into tube of sheath cells, schwann cells degenerate, schwann cells regenerate |
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Term
| cerebrospinal fluid- appearance, location, ingredients, function. |
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Definition
- clear, colorless, similar to egg white
- circulates in subarachnoid space
- contains electrolytes, glucose, and some protein molecules.
- excrete waste products (Co2, metabolites, drugs) communication mechanism, protection (cushion, buoyancy to reduce pressure at brainstem) |
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Term
| how often is CSF produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many ions does the sodium potassion pump move in and out at once? |
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Definition
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Term
| specific role of astrocytes in the blood brain barrier |
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Definition
| release chemicals that trigger the formation of tight junctions. - makes the CNS a protected space, only permitting certain substances |
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Term
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Definition
| in the PNS - similar to astrocytes - absorb metals and toxins that may injure the neuron |
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Term
| what part of a neuron may be myelinated? |
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Definition
| the axon ONLY - not the dendrites or the cell body |
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Term
| how are the endothelial cells of the capillaries of the CNS different than in other areas of the body? |
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Definition
| these endothelial cells have tight junctions instead of gap junctions in order to keep the CNS a protected space. Also, the capillaries are surrounded by glial cell membranes. |
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Term
what can a sample of CSF tell us?
what can the collection and analysis of the CSF tell us? |
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Definition
| blood brain barrier may break down due to trauma, inflammation, infection, wide changes in blood pressure |
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Term
| what can the collection and analysis of the CSF tell us? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can the collection and analysis of the CSF tell us? |
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Definition
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