Term
| All ___ have an electrical charge on the membrane that results from a net excess of positive charges on the outside of the membrane and a net excess of negative charges on the inside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a neuron positive or negative on the inside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a neuron positive or negative on the outside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maintains the separation of charge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acts as a permeability barrier to the diffusion of ions. Allows some ions to diffuse across it and restricts the movement of others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The result of the separation of charge. |
|
Definition
| Resting Membrane Potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the RMP in most neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most neurons, the RMP is around -65 mV. This is with the outside taken to be ____ and the inside negative with respect to the outside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you record the RMP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you record RMP with an oscilloscope? |
|
Definition
| Place an electrode on each side of the membrane. As soon as the microelectrode is inserted the oscilloscope displays a steady deflection of around -65 mV. |
|
|
Term
| Can be produced by passing a positive charge into the cell, reducing the charge separation across the membrane, and if the current is large enough, depolarizing the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be produced by passing a positive charge into the cell, reducing the charge separation across the membrane, and if the current is large enough, depolarizing the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Making a neuron less polarized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a positive charge is added to the outside of the cell, making the interior more negative with respect to the exterior, the cell is said to be what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Making a neuron more polarized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the ions that can be either inside or outside of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the ion that can only be inside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maintained by the distribution of ions on the sides of the nerve cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 major ions found in cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organic anion. Negatively charged proteins and amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ions are more concentrated within the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ions are more concentrated outside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are ions distributed solely on the basis of their concentrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a non-ionizing substance, _____ occurs when the concentrations of the substance are equal on each side of the membrane and there is no net flux across the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the other factor that helps distribute ions other than their concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the inside of the cell is more negatively charged, what kind of ions does it attract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an ionic species to be in equilibrium across the membrane, what must be equal to that ion's equilibrium potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The RMP for which ion is the same for motor neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order for K+ to be in equilibrium, the membrane would have to acquire a slightly more negative potential to be at what value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Na+ to be at equilibrium, the membrane potential must change polarity and shift all the way to what value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following equilibrium potentials, K+ has a tendency to diffuse in or out of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following equilibrium potentials, Na+ has the tendency to flow in or out of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to concentration gradient, which way does K+ have the tendency to flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to concentration gradient, which way does Cl- have the tendency to flow? |
|
Definition
| Its happy so it goes no where |
|
|
Term
| According to concentration gradient, which way does Na+ have the tendency to flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to electrical gradient, which way does K+ have the tendency to flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to electrical gradient, which way does Na+ have the tendency to flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is it that Na+ is prevented from flowing into the cell? |
|
Definition
| There are very few open Na+ channels in the resting membrane |
|
|
Term
| The RMP is 100 times more permeable to which ion than another? |
|
Definition
| More permeable to K+ than Na+ |
|
|
Term
| The selective permeability restricts the flow of what ion across the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maintenance of the relative K+ and Na+ concentration gradients across the cell membrane is assisted by what? |
|
Definition
| ATP-dependent Na+/K+ pump |
|
|
Term
| How does the Na+/K+ pump work. |
|
Definition
| For every 1 ATP used, you get 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. |
|
|
Term
| In most neurons the Na+/K+ pump is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces a net flux of charge which makes RMP more negative than that which would result from purely passive diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within a certain range of membrane potential values, only localized charges in the membrane, known as what, are produced. |
|
Definition
| Electronic/Local Potentials |
|
|
Term
| Potential changes in the membrane which are not sufficient in size to reach the threshold of the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens once enough current is injected in order for the membrane to reach threshold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Threshold occurs for most excitable cells at what value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| So for a cell with a RMP of -70mV when is threshold normally reached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of response is an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has a larger response, an action potential or a local potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the size of an action potential vary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Propogated without decrement down the entire length of the axon or muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the size of a local potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a stimulus larger than a threshold stimulus is applied to an excitable cell, the resulting action potential is (same, greater, smaller than) an action potential elicited by a stimulus that just manages to reach threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ion channels open first during an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ and K+ channels open once a particular voltage of the membrane is reached. What are these channels called? |
|
Definition
| Voltage-Gated Ion Channels |
|
|
Term
| The voltage change in the membrane causes what ion channel to open first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the depolarization reached threshold, then enough of the voltage-gated Na+ channels opened which results in a chain reaction called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to an explosive increase in Na+ permeability, the membrane potential is driven toward Na+ equilibrium. The peak of the action potential reaches what value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens after the depolarization occurs allowing the cell to reach threshold, an action potential being generated, and the membrane potential reaching almost +50mV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The opening of these channels are the result of depolarization, but these channels open more slowly than Na+ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opening of the K+ channels causes K+ to move in or out of the cell? |
|
Definition
| Out because the cell is so positive it is repelled. |
|
|
Term
| When K+ starts moving out of the cell what does this do to the cell? |
|
Definition
| Starts reducing the positive charge within the cell. |
|
|
Term
| As the cell reaches a highly positive voltage, what happens to Na+ channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The increase of K+ efflux combined with the decrease in Na+ influx results in a net efflux of positive charge from the cell which continues until the cell has repolarized to its resting value and has actually become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does hyperpolarization of the cell following an action potential occur? |
|
Definition
| Due to the fact that K+ channels remain open, allowing K+ to flow out and a more negative membrane potential to be reached |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: During the spike potential, a second stimulus, no matter how strong, an action potential cannot generate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the period of time called when another action potential cannot be generated no matter what. |
|
Definition
| Absolute Refractory Phase |
|
|
Term
| Where skeletal muscle has action potentials right on top of one another. No refractory phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Cardiac muscle must recover completely before it can have another action potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can cardiac muscle go into tetany like skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During this phase of excitability, an action potential can be generated, but the strength of the stimulus must be greater than it had to be at rest to reach the threshold. |
|
Definition
| Relative Refractory Period |
|
|
Term
| Occurs from the point of recovery of the spike potential through hyperpolarization. |
|
Definition
| Relative Refractory Period |
|
|
Term
| During hyperpolarization, what ion is still flowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the period of hyperpolarization, another action potential can only be produced by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually initiated at a particular point along a neuron when a physiologic stimulus is used. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of where an action potential is usually initiated along a neuron. |
|
Definition
1. Near the receptor ending of an afferent neuron
2. Near the axon hillock in the cell body |
|
|
Term
| After an action potential is initiated, what then occurs along the neuron? |
|
Definition
| It then propogates along the axons to its terminals on the next neuron or an effector cell in a muscle or gland. |
|
|
Term
| When using what type of stimuli, an impulse may be initiated at any point along an axon and it may propogate in both directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can an impulse reverse its direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can an impulse not reverse its direction? |
|
Definition
| Because the membrane it just transversed is refractory |
|
|
Term
| Local currents produced by the action potential reduce the charge on the membrane until what is reached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At ____, voltage sensistive Na+ and K+ channels begin to open, and the membrane changes it permeability to smal ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An action potential is produced a region just as the permeability changes are decreasing in the region of the membrane in front or behind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each region of the axon is capable of producing an action potential which, once initiated, is independent of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Propogated as if the axon were an information transmission line with a series of amplifiers closely spread to keep the signal at its original level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ___ axons, the action potentials arise only at the nodes of Ranvier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do action potentials arise only at the nodes? |
|
Definition
| becuase that is where the sodium channels exist |
|
|
Term
| Where the action potential on a myelinated axon appears to skip from node to node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve impulses can be conducted faster on a myelinated or unmyelinated axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate conduction velocity of an unmyelinated axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate conduction velocity of a myelinated axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ of an electrical stimulus necessary to excite an axon, that is, depolarize to threshold, depends on its internal resistance and, thus, is inversely proportional to the diameter of the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons of large diameter require a weaker or stronger stimulus than axons with a smaller diameter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C fibers are more resistant to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small fibers are more sensitive to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ion is responsible for the depolarization phase of an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ion is responsible for the repolarization phase of an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The point of contact between two excitable cells which is specialized for the transmission of a signal from one cell to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell sending the signal is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell receiving the signal is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between the two cells during synaptic transmission there is a small separation called a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is faster, a chemical or an electrical synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common type of synapse in the mammalian CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refers to an electrical synapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In nm, how large is a typical synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ of the presynaptic cell is expanded at the site of the synapse and contains vesicles containing the neurotransmitters used by that particular cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 regions of the nerve cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region(s) can be receptive sites for synaptic contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the most common types of synaptic contact. |
|
Definition
Axo-axonic
Axo-dendritic
Axosomatic |
|
|
Term
| This type of synapse can occur on either the main shaft of a dendrite branch or on a specialized input zone known as the spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A specialized input zone of a dendrite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 rare types of synaptic contacts |
|
Definition
Somasomatic
Dendrodendritic |
|
|
Term
| Where is the action potential initiated on the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proximity of a synapse to the axon hillock region of the post synaptic cell is important in determining the action potential's what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptic current generated at an axosomatic site has a stronger or weaker signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptic current generated at an axosomatic site has a stronger signal and therefor a greater influence on the outcome at the axon hillock than the current from the more remote ___ contacts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where along synaptic transmission are drugs most effective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the characteristics of synaptic transmission the same as those of an action potential along a nerve fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Going from the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a ___ ___ in transmission from presynaptic terminals to the postsynaptic cell. It is usually some tenths of a millisecond. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission across a synapse occurs in only one direction. What is this called. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 things that synaptic transmission is very susceptible to. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May discharge repetitively to a single impulse in the presynaptic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single presynaptic impulse may not cause the postsynaptic cell to discharge, whereas repetitive impulses or the activation of more than one synapse may. The effects of presynaptic stimulation may show what? |
|
Definition
| Temporal or Spatial Summation |
|
|
Term
| Action potential is generated by what ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to the release of the transmitter substance, its diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and its activation of receptors int he postsynaptic membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is transmission unidirectional? |
|
Definition
| The action of the transmitter is mainly on receptors in the postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Some synapses have receptors on the presynaptic membrane. What is their function? |
|
Definition
| They serve a regulatory function int he release of the transmitter |
|
|
Term
| List the general chain of events for synaptic transmission |
|
Definition
1. AP reaches the presynaptic terminal
2. Transmitter released from synaptic vesicles
3. Transmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
4. Transmitter binds to receptor sites on the post-synaptic cell
5. Binding causes ion channels in postsynaptic cell to either open or close
6. Membrane potential of postsynaptic cell is altered |
|
|
Term
| In more detail talk about the chain of events for synaptic transmission. |
|
Definition
1. AP reaches the presynaptic terminal
2. Presynaptic terminal contains voltage-gated Ca++ channels
3. Depolarization of membrane causes Ca++ channels to open, allowing Ca++ to rush into the cell
4. Ca++ triggers fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic terminal
5. Fusion leads to release of vesicles = contents into synaptic cleft
6. Transmitter diffuses across cleft and binds wih receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
7. Depending on the specific receptor / neurotransmitter interaction, either an EPSP or IPSP will be produced. The postsynaptic cell is not automatically depolarized to threshold |
|
|
Term
| Are all serotonin receptors excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things are EPSP and IPSP dependent on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a Cl- channel is opened on the postsynaptic cell, would you think that would be inhibitory or excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does EPSP/IPSP stand for? |
|
Definition
| Excitatory/Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential |
|
|
Term
| Results from the opening of transmitter-gated ion channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPSP causes a shift in the membrane potential to go in what direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a single EPSP in a neuron enough to bring the membrane to threshold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much will one EPSP depolarize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much depolarization do you need to reach threshold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: There must be several EPSPs to bring the membrane to threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If synapses in the same region of a neuron produce EPSPs synchronously, these add together to produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where synapses in the same region of a neuron produce EPSPs synchronously so that they will add together to produce a composite EPSP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the same synapse is activated repetitively at a fast enough frequency, one EPSP will add to the previous one to produce a greater depolarization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to EPSPs if threshold is not reached? |
|
Definition
| They decay away and are forgotten |
|
|
Term
| Only at a few synapses, such as the neuromuscular junction, is a single EPSP large enough to cause postsynaptic membrane to reach threshold. What is the EPSP called here? |
|
Definition
| EPP - End Plate Potential |
|
|
Term
| It is estimated that 5 times as much ____ is released to produce an EPP ehich reaches threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than the end plate potential, an EPSP much summate how to reach threshold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transmitter substance at an inhibitory synapse brings about a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane is called what? |
|
Definition
| IPSP - Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the main inhibitory transmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
| GABA - Gamma-amino butyric acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the main inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inhibitory transmitters activate receptors which open what two channels in the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory transmitters activate K+ or Cl- channels in the membrane, how are these channels activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When K+ and Cl- channels are opened, for a short time they move through the membrane, as a result, the membrane potential is shifted in what direction? |
|
Definition
| Hyperpolarizing direction |
|
|
Term
| After the K+ and Cl- channels close, that happens to the membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| It decays passively back to the resting level |
|
|
Term
| The inhibitory potential shifts the membrane potential farther from its ______ level, so than an excitatory potential now must be larger to reach threshold and cause the generation of an action potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do IPSPs summate to both temporal and spatial summation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do EPSPs summate to both temporal and spatial summation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are inhibitory synapses found on or near the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| That is where they are most effective |
|
|
Term
| Since IPSP summate by both temporal and spatial summation, they can block the attemp to initiate nerve impulses by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action of the transmitter is stopped when the transfer: (3) |
|
Definition
1. diffuses away from the synaptic region
2. is degraded by an enzyme
3. is removed from the synaptic cleft by reuptake into the terminal |
|
|
Term
| What does acetylcholinesterase do in the synaptic cleft on the postsynaptic membrane? |
|
Definition
| It splits Acetylcholine into Acetyl and Cholin |
|
|
Term
| Choline is taken up by the ____ terminal and used in the manufacture of new ACh by the neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The EPSP at the neuromuscular juction is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the muscle cell membrane there is a protein that acts as a transducer by converting a chemical signal (ACh) into an electrical signal (action potential). What is this protein called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upon the binding of ACh to its receptor, a conformational change occurs that results in the ion channel converting from a closed state that does not allow ___ to pass to an open state that allows it to enter the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resulting depolarization of the membrane produces an action potential which propogates over the entire surface of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An action potential that reaches the axonal terminal causes the release of 4-5x the number of what required to initiate an action potential in the muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There appears to be a safety factor built in which insures that muscle faithfully responds to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under conditions where the motor nerve is artificially stimulated at frequencies >100 Hz, ACh-containing vesicles can be ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a motor nerve is artificially stimulated to such frequencies that ACh containing vesicles are depleted, does this occur in vivo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long before a motor nerve terminal can be depleted of neurotransmitter by repetitive nerve firing, the muscle ___ due to depletion of energy sources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transduces energy (touch, heat, vibration, etc) into a series of nerve impulses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made up of a bare piece of nerve fiber and associated non-neuronal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made up of a bare piece of nerve fiber and associated non-neuronal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stimulus to the receptor organ produces a depolarizing potential called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The size of a ___ varies with the strength of the stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Generator Potential is produced by what ion currents flowing across the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs because of permeability changes in the membrane for all of the ions due to an opening of non-selective channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: The mechanism for opening the non-selective ion channels probably varies with the type of receptor organ (heat, pressure, etc) giving receptors their discrimination of different stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A non-propogated potential which has to activate the voltage-sensitive channels at the first several nodes of Ranvier in order to initiate an AP which is propogated into the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reaction of a postsynaptic cell is the result of a _____ neurotransmittter acting on the cell as well as the ____ neurotransmitter receptor activated |
|
Definition
| Specific (for both blanks) |
|
|
Term
| Chemical substances released from neurons which bind to specific receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, causing a conformational change in the receptor and a response in the postsynaptic cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters may act by causing the opening of certain ion channels within the postsynaptic membrane. What kind of response is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The response of the postsynaptic cell is activation of 2nd messengers within the cell, resulting in a cascade of chemical events which is what type of response? |
|
Definition
| Slow, more long-term response |
|
|
Term
| The specific response seen, depends upon the combination of 2 things. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each neurotransmitter has more than one type of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of each receptor may result in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 things that are determined by the receptor involved and not by the neurotransmitter being released. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is inhibition and excitation determined by the type of neurotransmitter released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is excitation and inhibition determined by the receptor involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACh
Catecholamine
Serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter goes with the muscarinic receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter goes with the nicotinic receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The specific response depends upon the specific combination of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor does serotonin bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 major classes of postsynaptic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ligand-gated ion channel that is fast acting and can either open or close. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast, direct alteration in the conductance of an ion channel, the receptor is the ligand-gated ion channel,binding of the neurotransmitter molecule causes channel opening. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of postsynaptic receptor has more localized effects because it is right at the binding site. It can be either excitatory or inhibitory. |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow, the receptor is linked to a second messenger system, can result in the activation or inhibition of specific 2nd messenger systems, can alter gene expression, can make indirect alterations in the conductance of an ion channel, effects are not strictly local. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of postsynaptic receptor does not have immediate effects but the effect can be huge in amplification. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of neurotransmitter released depends on how much ___ is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| The best established of the CNS neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junction and in the CNS motor cortex, brain stem, and basal ganglia structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 main receptors for ACh |
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Definition
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Term
| This ACh receptor is found at the neuromuscular junction in the autonomic ganglia and in the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| This ACh receptor is found in the brain stem, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the nicotinic receptor ionotropic or metabotropic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the muscarinic receptor ionotropic or metabotropic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there different subtypes of the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| The different nicotinic and muscarinic receptors have different responses when activated. They may cause either EPSP or IPSP. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter is derived from tyrosine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine |
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Term
| The amino acid that forms catecholamines |
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Definition
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Term
| Depending on the enzymes present in the terminals, the neurotransmitter finally formed may be any of the 3 catecholamines which are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 dopamine receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 epinephrine receptors |
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Definition
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2 |
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Term
| What are the receptors for norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the receptors for norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A significant player in Parkinson's dz |
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Definition
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Term
| The substantia nigra is part of the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Associated with feelings of pleasure and reward. |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in this catecholamine may have effects on motor function |
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Definition
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Term
| Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors also function as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The presynaptic cell may have a ___ receptor localized to its membrane so when the transmitter is released is binds to the autoreceptor and this will inhibit further transmitter release. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is norepinephrine located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is epinephrine located? |
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Definition
| In a small group of cells in the ventral pons and medulla |
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Term
| Influences how much neurotransmitter is being released from the presynaptic terminal. |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter is derived from tryptophan |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of neurotransmitter is Serotonin? |
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Definition
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Term
| One can increase or decrease the amount of serotonin by altering dietary intake of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many different subtypes are there of 5HT, the serotonin receptor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are serotinergic neurons primarily located? |
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Definition
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Term
| On most neurons, not all, serotonin is what? (inhibitory or excitatory) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 implactions of Serotonin |
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Definition
Sleep
Arousal
Mood
Pain Perception |
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Term
| Sends projections to and from both the spinal cord and the brain. |
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Definition
| Serotinergic receptors in the raphe nuclei |
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Term
| Serotinergic projection to the dorsal horn inhibits what input? |
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Definition
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Term
| Serotinergic projection to the ventral horn faciliates (excites) discharge of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Serotonin simultaneously can ___ sensory input and ____ motor activity |
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Definition
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Term
| Function directly as neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most abundant transmitter class in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 inhibitory amino acid transmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| This amino acid neurotransmitter is located primarily in the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 excitatory amino acid transmitters. |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter is synthesized from glutamate |
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Definition
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Term
| The action of this neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to open Cl- channels which will result in IPSP |
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Definition
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Term
| Certain pharmacological agents can act with GABA to facilitate GABA binding and increase inhibition. Name 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| These 2 neurotransmitters are NEVER excitatory |
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Definition
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Term
| An autoreceptor found on the presynaptic terminal to measure and control how much GABA is released. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Concentrations of what neurotransmitter are much greater than any other neurotransmitter in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter is very widely distributed throughout the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter is synthesized from glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| This neurotransmitter causes increased Cl- permeability in the postsynaptic membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Take up excess glutamate to prevent excitotoxicity. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Causes increased Na+ and K+ permeability |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 basic receptor types for Glutamate and Aspartate |
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Definition
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Term
| This glutamate and aspartate receptor can be both metabotropic and ionotropic |
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Definition
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Term
| This glutamate and aspartate receptor is ionotropic. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens if glutamate and aspartate are present in sufficient excess? |
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Definition
| it will bring about neuronal destruction |
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Term
| Plays a significant role in neuronal destruction following CVA |
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Definition
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Term
| Too much excitation causes neuronal cell death |
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Definition
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