Term
| Would injury to the cerebellum have a greater impact on recall of childhood memories or riding a bike? |
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Definition
| Riding a bike. Childhood memories are declarative memories, whereas riding a bike is a procedural memory. The cerebellum is in charge of skill and, habits, conditional reflexes, and reflex modulation. |
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Term
| A patient is administered the mirror tracing test which they have performed several times before. The patient has no recollections of this, however, they improve each time they perform the task. What areas of the brain might be injured, and are they suffering from amnesia? |
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Definition
| Since the person is improving at the task procedural memory is intact. The hippocampus might be injured as it is in charge of consolidating declarative memories. The diencephalon or medial temporal lobe could also be injured both of which store declarative memory. |
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Term
| Give the steps of the excitotoxic cascade. |
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Definition
-Anoxia, aglycemia, or ischemia
-ATP supply exhausted
-Primary active transport stops
-Ion concentration gradient lost
-Secondary active transport lost
-Cells depolarize & release NT, glutamate
-Glutamate accumulates in extracellular space
-NMDA channels open and/or voltage gated calcium open allowing calcium into cell
-Calcium leads to increase in proteases and free radicals |
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Term
| What is the size of the pupil when depth of field is greatest? |
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Definition
| Depth of field is greatest when pupil diameter is small. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presbyopia is a decline in the ability to accomodate |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| When one plane of light is focused at a different distance than another plane. Results from irregularly shaped cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| Cloudy or opaque area of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve resulting in vision loss. Increased intraocular pressure can be a cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keratoconus a progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics and causes of narcolepsy? |
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Definition
-frequent periods of REM sleep w/out going through NREM sleep
-lose muscle control (cataplexy) during episodes of emotion
-Cause is defective orexin/hypocretin-synthesizing neurons |
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Term
| What sleep disorder is associated with increased incidence of Parkinson's and is a result of brainstem disorder preventing muscle paralysis. |
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Definition
| REM sleep behavior disorder--causes affected individuals to kick, punch, and otherwise act out aggressive dream scenariors while asleep. |
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Term
| What are differences in sleep patterns between older and younger individuals? |
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Definition
Older individuals tend to sleep more lightly and for shorter times, though needing the same amount of slee as when younger
-they have little or no slow-wave sleep
-they wake up more frequently
-Pineal gland produces less melatonin
-increased incidence of sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and insomnia. |
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Term
| What physiological changes are characteristics of NREM sleep? |
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Definition
-decreased HR
-decreased breathing
-decreased BP
-decreased metabolic rate
-decreased body temp
-body movements reduced, but tossing and turning can occur
-sleepwalking, bedwetting, and sleep talking occur |
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Term
| What are the physiological characteristics of REM sleep? |
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Definition
-increased HR
-increased BP
-increased metabolism
-EEG similar to awake state
-dreaming, visual hallucinations, increased emotion, lack of volitional control
-paralysis of large muscles
-penile erection |
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Term
| If a person is experiencing vivid internally generated sensation what period of sleep are they most likely in? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person's though process is illogical and bizarre what sleep stage are they most likely in? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person's body movements are episodic and involuntary what period of sleep are they most likely in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Repetition of perviously appropriate responses after it has become inappropriate due to changing circumstances. |
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Term
| Lesions to this area of the brain result in poor planning and poor memory for temporal order of events. |
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Definition
| Lesions to the prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosopagnosia or face agnosia is an inability to recognize/learn faces. |
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Term
| Bilateral lesions to the ventral visual association cortices/ventral stream areas in the occipital and IT regions could result in what disorder? |
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Definition
| Face agnosia or prosopagnosia. |
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Term
| How is formation of long term memory thought to be consolidated? |
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Definition
| Through strengthening of of the synaptic connections between neurons in multiple neocortical areas. |
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Term
| Lesions to what areas of the brain will lead to problems with consolidation of long term memory? |
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Definition
Damage to the:
-medial temporal lobes
-medial diencephalic structures
-bilateral damage to the hippocampus
-bilateral damage to the entorhinal cortex
-bilateral damage to the parahippocampal gyrus
-damage to hippocampus |
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