Term
| What is Anterograde Amnesia? |
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Definition
| When you can't remember the past, and LTM is affected. |
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Term
| What is Retrograde Amnesia? |
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Definition
| Its the inability to recall some memory or memories of the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you a certain story, event, time places, conception based knowledge, or just an experience that helps trigger memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to memory of meanings and understanding, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences. |
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Term
| What is Procedural Memory? |
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Definition
| Memory involved in how to do things. They are automatically retrieved and utilized for excecution of the integrated procedures involved in both cognitive and motor skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when previous experiences aid in performance of a task without conscious awareness of those previous experiences. |
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Term
| What are the two types of declarative memories? |
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Definition
| Episodic and Semantic Memory |
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Term
| What are the Four Types of Pasticity of Declarative? |
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Definition
Attention: Have to be focused for short term memory, otherwise can't retrieve.
Formation: Connections establish.In order to learn, connections have to be formed.
Storage: Maintain Memory Trace.
Retrieval: Move to Consciousness. |
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Term
What happened to HM?
Which two types of memory does it have? |
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Definition
He had epilespy and the doctor removed the temporal lobe (hippocampus) and that affected his anterograde memory, because he could only remember everything UP until the surgery. and there was a block of long term memory.
long term and short term memory
(NOT declarative) |
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Term
1. Vinogradova- she asked what is the simplest memory?
2. She wanted to know where in the brain do the neurons first stop responding to the tone? |
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Definition
1. Habituate = simplest memory.
2. Ca-3 neuron. |
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Term
| When Vinogradova destroyed the CA-3 neurons, what happened to the animals response? |
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Definition
| It won't habituate! so you need Ca-3 to habituate. |
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Term
Long term Potentiate
1. How long does it take to potentatiate?
2. Where does LTP occur?
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Definition
1. It takes a minute to potentiate, so we have potentiate activity, which means it has more - LARGER. Its how you get things to the spine at a higher level for a long time.
2. LTP occurs a tall excitatory synapses ending on spines. |
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Term
1. Describe the LTP in the Schaffer Collateral of the hippocampus Pathway .
2. Describe the LTP in the Mossy Fiber pathway. |
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Definition
It is NMDA DEPENDENT.
It is NMDA INDEPENDENT. |
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Term
| Do Mossy Fibers have spines? And how are the neurons? |
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Definition
| No, mossy fibers don't have spines. They have small neurons. |
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Term
Hippocampus.
Describe procedure:
LTM. |
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Definition
1. Cut thin slice of hippocampus.
2. Go to Ca-1 Neuron (input from schaffer and entorhinal cortex)
3. Do electrode inside cell in order to measure membrane potential.
4. Stimulate and then fire.
5. Give tetanus for a short time, then neuron gets into a diff state where it potentiates.
6. Now you get a single simulation and response is higher. So same simulation gives higher response (potentiate) |
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Term
Ca-1 Neuron,
what two things does it compare?
Mossy,
What two things does it compare? |
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Definition
1.Entorhinal and CA-3
2. Entorhinal and Brain stem.
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Term
EPSP: What is happening to potentiation?
How many hertz does it occur, and a spike is occuring how often and where? |
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Definition
The potentiation is long.
At 100Hz, the spike is occurring every 10 mins and its occurring oN the spine. |
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Term
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Definition
Its a weak stimulation plus simultaneous strong stimulation of another pathway that induces LTP at both pathways.
Ex: President and slapping kid. |
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Term
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Definition
| LTP can be induced cooperatively via the weaker stimulation of MANY. |
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Term
| Spines are composed of what? |
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Definition
Actin Filaments.
Cajal first drew them. |
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Term
| Describe Co-filin. How does it relate to Actin? |
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Definition
It gets incorporated into actin filaments by KINASE phosphatase. It causes spine to break.
This is good because spines aren't permanent, and if it was, our brain will be filled up by the age of 5, and can't learn new things! |
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Term
| How do BREAK spines? And what does that do to memory? |
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Definition
Have to break down actin, which is composed of spines, so break the spines and the SYNAPSE is broken too!
So if spines are broken, memory is lost! |
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Term
What are some spine synapses?
What are two different types? |
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Definition
Gluatamate Synapse
It can be Ionotrophic and Metabotrophic |
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Term
| With Glutamate: Ionotrophic, what are some examples of agonists and receptors? |
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Definition
| Well glutamate never comes into cell, it just rings the door bell. AMPA, NMDA and Kainate are some agonists, and then their respective receptors. |
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Term
| How does the Metabotrophic Receptor work for Glutamate? |
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Definition
1. Glutamate attaches to G protein coupled receptor, which becomes active.
2. G protein (active) activates PLC (phospholipase C)
3. PLC then activates IP3, which allows Calcium to go inside, usually the concentration is low.
4. This calcium release turns on a lot of kinase enzymes. |
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Term
| Memory is associated with proteins, where are they coming from? |
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Definition
Dendrites - Ribosomes are located in postsynaptic dendrites. Specifically the SPINES.
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Term
| Describe the Dendrite Post Synaptic Steps: |
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Definition
1. So you have Dendrite(spine), G actin, receptors, G tubulin.
2. eF2pk is inactive, it attaches to the mGLU receptor.
3. This releases glutamate NT's and then calcium rushes in.
4. This activates calmudin kinase which first goes from G actin to F actin. Then attaches to the ef2pk, allowing it to get phosphorlyated.
5. This activates ef2pk and elongation of ARc translation occurs.
6. FMRP inhibits arc translation.
7. If there is a deficit in FMRP, then Arc is always translated |
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Term
| How does stimulation Induced affect Arc MRNA? |
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Definition
It increases it.
Normally you have little Arc MRNA but when you activate these cells, they make a message which goes throughout the dendrite. When you send activity, the message will move to where the activity is. In the activated region, arc MRNA starts to build up, its occurring because of RECEPTOR change and not electric change. |
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Term
What is the result of the treatment with MK-801 (NMDA receptor agonist)?
Also, stimulation of the perforant pathway? |
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Definition
1. For the NMDA antagonist- theres an area of blockade.
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Term
| What are the two things that occur when ARC is involved with spine? |
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Definition
1. Spine is caught in fibrous state (G actin) and its not rotating, its fixed at synapse.
2. There is internalization of glutamate receptors. |
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Term
Watson and Crick - DNA ppl
Crick thought what will serve as molecular devices of memory storage? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
It's involved in receptor desensitization, in modulating membrane structure events, in regulating transcription, in mediating immune responses, in regulating cell growth, adn in learning in memory.
Its powerful, it phosphorylates lots of things, and is involved with self growth, elongation. |
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Term
| What does Protein Kinase C and Arc have in relation? |
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Definition
| When you turn on PKC it allows ARC to be re-formed, so it can translated and also it allows spines to re-form and polymerize. |
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Term
PKC is also what?
Catalyst? |
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Definition
It is an enzyme, and changes a SUBSTRATE to a PRODUCT.
Catalyst= makes sure things arent too jumpy, makes it calm. C and R subunit attached to it for regulation |
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Term
Protein Kinase C is divided into what tow domains?
What happens if you remove one of the domains? |
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Definition
N terminal domain - regulatory domain.
C-terminal- CATALYTIC domain.
If you remove N terminal domain, it produces a perisistently active kinase - PKM |
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Term
Enzyme has both catalytic and regulatory parts.
What is PKC (z)?? |
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Definition
| PKC (z) consists of an independent PCK z catalytic domain, when its not inhibited by regulatory domain it becomes consitutively active. This causes spine to stay in its shape for a long time. |
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Term
| By measuring the amount of constitutively active proteins, what happens? |
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Definition
There happens to be an increase in the different types of behaviors!
Example, olfaction and shock - the amount of the kinase is not turned on by just the activity of the behavior, these things come afterwards??? confused. |
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Term
Somato-dendritic distribution of PKC MRNa after cytoskeleton disruption- quantative analysis.
(hippocampus neurons in culture)
1. Proteins are linked to what two things?
2. What do you need for things to move forward? |
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Definition
1. spines and cytoskeleton.
2. Microtubules.
Ask help for this slide!! |
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Term
Effects of PKM (z) inhibitor ZIP.
Ask for help to clarify story! |
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Definition
PKM is the result of removal of N terminal regulatory domain. Result is persistantly active kinase. The zeta (z) normally equates with const. active.
So.
when inhibited, it blocks memory.
Study: Did conditional study, trained for 2 days, and waited 3 mos. After giving inhibitor, they believe the synapses formed and lasted for months in place, bc its constituvely active. But if you SPECIFICALLY inhibit it, you can get spines to go away, and it blocks memory. Even if memory was tested days later, the memory still didnt come back. |
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Term
With a single application of ZIP, what can it do to the different taste qualities?
1. Zip inhibitor drug - does what to Sacc and NaCl. |
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Definition
It can abolish multiple associations of different taste qualities.
1. It looses memory for both Saach and Nacl.
It can remove all memory associated with spines. It can essentially erase all memories in the brain.
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Term
| can you actually see spines go away, so memory fade (with ZIp inhibitor) |
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Definition
| Yes, can use green fluorescent in living neurons. And can also see that these spines have synapses that are usually associated with touch. |
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Term
Spines and Memories are Transient.
1. What happens when you lose spines?
2. What is speed of spine formation?
3. What is the length of Spine Stabilization?
4. Creativity requires what? |
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Definition
1. lose memory.
2. spine formation is rapid (minutes)
3. spine stabilization is long (days)
4. Creativity requires inhibiting MEMORIES! |
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Term
Creativity.
Describe story |
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Definition
Musicians.
fmri
the dorsolateral pre-frontal gets deactivated. It suggests that creativtiy is a process where you turn off memory, and what you know and just think about something thats completely new (creative) |
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