Term
| parietal dominant and non dominant signs |
|
Definition
non dominant (right) hemispatial neglect
dominant agraphia, aphasia |
|
|
Term
| signs of basla ganglia, amygdlia, RAS, arcuate fasculus |
|
Definition
basal: resting tremor
amygdlia: hyperorality, sexuality, dishinibition
RAS: coma
arcuate: poor reprtition |
|
|
Term
| signs of subthalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
| contralateral hemiparesis 9flailing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parkinsonism, chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia (RAM), scanning speech, asthenia, intention tremor, negative rhomberg with or without their eyes closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
v1 - superior orbital fissure
v2- foramen rotundum
v3- foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN,, spinothalamic, dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
| signs spinal artery syndrome |
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN, spinothalamic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical spinal UMN/LMN (disorder of anterior horns)
asymmetric, progressive weakness, extremities first, speech problems, foot drop, respiratory failure in 3-5y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal columns impaired, pretectal/superior colliculus (argyl robertson pupil), mood alteration, delusions, dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corticospinal LMN, spinothalamic
loss of pain and temp 1-3seg below lesion in cape like distribution, atrophy of hand muscles, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticospinal UMN, dorsal columns, anemia, increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of spinal cord lesion is above T6 |
|
Definition
autonomic hyperreflexia: diaphoresis, HTN, headache, flushing often triggered by distended bladder or rectum (do cath or enema plus CCB)
loss of sympathetic tone, decreased TPR, venous pooling, unopposed PNS causes bradycardia and low CO (tx as neurogenic shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| razoule: glutamate blocker stops excitotoxicity delaying death by 3-5mo |
|
|
Term
| transverse myelitis signs |
|
Definition
post viral infection, defects in tracts horizontally
LE weak, sensory deficit below lesion, urine retention, lhermitte sign (electric sensation down back when neck is flexed) |
|
|
Term
| kennedy disease cause, signs |
|
Definition
bulbospinal atrophy due to XR trinucleotide repeat in LMN causing androgen insensitivity
gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, oligospermia |
|
|
Term
| werding hoffman cause, signs |
|
Definition
AR motor neuron degeneration due to CH5 mutation
floppy baby, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, negative babinski |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idiopathic, Fe deficiency, ESRD, DM neuropathy, parkinsons, pregnancy, RA, vericose veins, caffiene |
|
|
Term
| signs anterior cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral LE weakness and loss of sensation |
|
|
Term
| signs middle cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral UE and face loss of sensation and weakness, wernickes, brocas, neglect or aphasia depending on side |
|
|
Term
| most common locations for berry aneurysms |
|
Definition
#1 anterior communicating
#2 posterior communicating |
|
|
Term
| signs of internal capsule lacunar injury |
|
Definition
pure motor hemiparesis: weakness on one side of body
dysarthria clumsy hand: facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, weakness, clumsiness of one hand
ataxic hemiparesis: ipsilateral weakness and ataxia, gait deviation to affected side |
|
|
Term
| signs of thalamus/pons lacunar injury |
|
Definition
| pure sensory strole: sensory deficit on one side of body |
|
|
Term
| signs of basilar artery injury |
|
Definition
ipsilateral face and contralateral body numbness and weakness
dysphagia, ataxia, hoarsness, dysarthria
diplopia, vomiting, headache |
|
|
Term
| signs wallenberg syndrome |
|
Definition
lateral medullary PICA injury
horners, dystaxia, vertigo
loss of motor, gag/dysphagia, pain and temp in face ipsilateral
loss of pain and temp in body contralateral |
|
|
Term
| signs of inferior lateral pontine syndrome |
|
Definition
AICA injury
contralateral loss of pain and temp
horners
ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus
ipsilateral face loss of motor, pain, temp, corneal and stapedius reflex, UL deafness |
|
|
Term
| signs of benedikt syndrom |
|
Definition
| posterior cerebral artery damage, paramedial midbrain syndrome |
|
|
Term
| parietal dominant and non dominant signs |
|
Definition
non dominant (right) hemispatial neglect
dominant agraphia, aphasia |
|
|
Term
| signs of basla ganglia, amygdlia, RAS, arcuate fasculus |
|
Definition
basal: resting tremor
amygdlia: hyperorality, sexuality, dishinibition
RAS: coma
arcuate: poor reprtition |
|
|
Term
| signs of subthalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
| contralateral hemiparesis 9flailing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parkinsonism, chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia (RAM), scanning speech, asthenia, intention tremor, negative rhomberg with or without their eyes closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
v1 - superior orbital fissure
v2- foramen rotundum
v3- foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN,, spinothalamic, dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
| signs spinal artery syndrome |
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN, spinothalamic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical spinal UMN/LMN (disorder of anterior horns)
asymmetric, progressive weakness, extremities first, speech problems, foot drop, respiratory failure in 3-5y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal columns impaired, pretectal/superior colliculus (argyl robertson pupil), mood alteration, delusions, dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corticospinal LMN, spinothalamic
loss of pain and temp 1-3seg below lesion in cape like distribution, atrophy of hand muscles, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticospinal UMN, dorsal columns, anemia, increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of spinal cord lesion is above T6 |
|
Definition
autonomic hyperreflexia: diaphoresis, HTN, headache, flushing often triggered by distended bladder or rectum (do cath or enema plus CCB)
loss of sympathetic tone, decreased TPR, venous pooling, unopposed PNS causes bradycardia and low CO (tx as neurogenic shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| razoule: glutamate blocker stops excitotoxicity delaying death by 3-5mo |
|
|
Term
| transverse myelitis signs |
|
Definition
post viral infection, defects in tracts horizontally
LE weak, sensory deficit below lesion, urine retention, lhermitte sign (electric sensation down back when neck is flexed) |
|
|
Term
| kennedy disease cause, signs |
|
Definition
bulbospinal atrophy due to XR trinucleotide repeat in LMN causing androgen insensitivity
gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, oligospermia |
|
|
Term
| werding hoffman cause, signs |
|
Definition
AR motor neuron degeneration due to CH5 mutation
floppy baby, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, negative babinski |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idiopathic, Fe deficiency, ESRD, DM neuropathy, parkinsons, pregnancy, RA, vericose veins, caffiene |
|
|
Term
| signs anterior cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral LE weakness and loss of sensation |
|
|
Term
| signs middle cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral UE and face loss of sensation and weakness, wernickes, brocas, neglect or aphasia depending on side |
|
|
Term
| most common locations for berry aneurysms |
|
Definition
#1 anterior communicating
#2 posterior communicating |
|
|
Term
| signs of internal capsule lacunar injury |
|
Definition
pure motor hemiparesis: weakness on one side of body
dysarthria clumsy hand: facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, weakness, clumsiness of one hand
ataxic hemiparesis: ipsilateral weakness and ataxia, gait deviation to affected side |
|
|
Term
| signs of thalamus/pons lacunar injury |
|
Definition
| pure sensory strole: sensory deficit on one side of body |
|
|
Term
| signs of basilar artery injury |
|
Definition
ipsilateral face and contralateral body numbness and weakness
dysphagia, ataxia, hoarsness, dysarthria
diplopia, vomiting, headache |
|
|
Term
| signs wallenberg syndrome |
|
Definition
lateral medullary PICA injury
horners, dystaxia, vertigo
loss of motor, gag/dysphagia, pain and temp in face ipsilateral
loss of pain and temp in body contralateral |
|
|
Term
| signs of inferior lateral pontine syndrome |
|
Definition
AICA injury
contralateral loss of pain and temp
horners
ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus
ipsilateral face loss of motor, pain, temp, corneal and stapedius reflex, UL deafness |
|
|
Term
| signs of benedikt syndrom |
|
Definition
| posterior cerebral artery damage, paramedial midbrain syndrome |
|
|
Term
| parietal dominant and non dominant signs |
|
Definition
non dominant (right) hemispatial neglect
dominant agraphia, aphasia |
|
|
Term
| signs of basla ganglia, amygdlia, RAS, arcuate fasculus |
|
Definition
basal: resting tremor
amygdlia: hyperorality, sexuality, dishinibition
RAS: coma
arcuate: poor reprtition |
|
|
Term
| signs of subthalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
| contralateral hemiparesis 9flailing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parkinsonism, chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia (RAM), scanning speech, asthenia, intention tremor, negative rhomberg with or without their eyes closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
v1 - superior orbital fissure
v2- foramen rotundum
v3- foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN,, spinothalamic, dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
| signs spinal artery syndrome |
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN, spinothalamic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical spinal UMN/LMN (disorder of anterior horns)
asymmetric, progressive weakness, extremities first, speech problems, foot drop, respiratory failure in 3-5y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal columns impaired, pretectal/superior colliculus (argyl robertson pupil), mood alteration, delusions, dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corticospinal LMN, spinothalamic
loss of pain and temp 1-3seg below lesion in cape like distribution, atrophy of hand muscles, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticospinal UMN, dorsal columns, anemia, increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of spinal cord lesion is above T6 |
|
Definition
autonomic hyperreflexia: diaphoresis, HTN, headache, flushing often triggered by distended bladder or rectum (do cath or enema plus CCB)
loss of sympathetic tone, decreased TPR, venous pooling, unopposed PNS causes bradycardia and low CO (tx as neurogenic shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| razoule: glutamate blocker stops excitotoxicity delaying death by 3-5mo |
|
|
Term
| transverse myelitis signs |
|
Definition
post viral infection, defects in tracts horizontally
LE weak, sensory deficit below lesion, urine retention, lhermitte sign (electric sensation down back when neck is flexed) |
|
|
Term
| kennedy disease cause, signs |
|
Definition
bulbospinal atrophy due to XR trinucleotide repeat in LMN causing androgen insensitivity
gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, oligospermia |
|
|
Term
| werding hoffman cause, signs |
|
Definition
AR motor neuron degeneration due to CH5 mutation
floppy baby, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, negative babinski |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idiopathic, Fe deficiency, ESRD, DM neuropathy, parkinsons, pregnancy, RA, vericose veins, caffiene |
|
|
Term
| signs anterior cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral LE weakness and loss of sensation |
|
|
Term
| signs middle cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral UE and face loss of sensation and weakness, wernickes, brocas, neglect or aphasia depending on side |
|
|
Term
| most common locations for berry aneurysms |
|
Definition
#1 anterior communicating
#2 posterior communicating |
|
|
Term
| signs of internal capsule lacunar injury |
|
Definition
pure motor hemiparesis: weakness on one side of body
dysarthria clumsy hand: facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, weakness, clumsiness of one hand
ataxic hemiparesis: ipsilateral weakness and ataxia, gait deviation to affected side |
|
|
Term
| signs of thalamus/pons lacunar injury |
|
Definition
| pure sensory strole: sensory deficit on one side of body |
|
|
Term
| signs of basilar artery injury |
|
Definition
ipsilateral face and contralateral body numbness and weakness
dysphagia, ataxia, hoarsness, dysarthria
diplopia, vomiting, headache |
|
|
Term
| signs wallenberg syndrome |
|
Definition
lateral medullary PICA injury
horners, dystaxia, vertigo
loss of motor, gag/dysphagia, pain and temp in face ipsilateral
loss of pain and temp in body contralateral |
|
|
Term
| signs of inferior lateral pontine syndrome |
|
Definition
AICA injury
contralateral loss of pain and temp
horners
ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus
ipsilateral face loss of motor, pain, temp, corneal and stapedius reflex, UL deafness |
|
|
Term
| signs of benedikt syndrom |
|
Definition
| posterior cerebral artery damage, paramedial midbrain syndrome |
|
|
Term
| parietal dominant and non dominant signs |
|
Definition
non dominant (right) hemispatial neglect
dominant agraphia, aphasia |
|
|
Term
| signs of basla ganglia, amygdlia, RAS, arcuate fasculus |
|
Definition
basal: resting tremor
amygdlia: hyperorality, sexuality, dishinibition
RAS: coma
arcuate: poor reprtition |
|
|
Term
| signs of subthalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
| contralateral hemiparesis 9flailing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parkinsonism, chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia (RAM), scanning speech, asthenia, intention tremor, negative rhomberg with or without their eyes closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
v1 - superior orbital fissure
v2- foramen rotundum
v3- foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN,, spinothalamic, dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
| signs spinal artery syndrome |
|
Definition
| cortical spinal UMN/LMN, spinothalamic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical spinal UMN/LMN (disorder of anterior horns)
asymmetric, progressive weakness, extremities first, speech problems, foot drop, respiratory failure in 3-5y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal columns impaired, pretectal/superior colliculus (argyl robertson pupil), mood alteration, delusions, dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corticospinal LMN, spinothalamic
loss of pain and temp 1-3seg below lesion in cape like distribution, atrophy of hand muscles, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticospinal UMN, dorsal columns, anemia, increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of spinal cord lesion is above T6 |
|
Definition
autonomic hyperreflexia: diaphoresis, HTN, headache, flushing often triggered by distended bladder or rectum (do cath or enema plus CCB)
loss of sympathetic tone, decreased TPR, venous pooling, unopposed PNS causes bradycardia and low CO (tx as neurogenic shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| razoule: glutamate blocker stops excitotoxicity delaying death by 3-5mo |
|
|
Term
| transverse myelitis signs |
|
Definition
post viral infection, defects in tracts horizontally
LE weak, sensory deficit below lesion, urine retention, lhermitte sign (electric sensation down back when neck is flexed) |
|
|
Term
| kennedy disease cause, signs |
|
Definition
bulbospinal atrophy due to XR trinucleotide repeat in LMN causing androgen insensitivity
gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, oligospermia |
|
|
Term
| werding hoffman cause, signs |
|
Definition
AR motor neuron degeneration due to CH5 mutation
floppy baby, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, negative babinski |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idiopathic, Fe deficiency, ESRD, DM neuropathy, parkinsons, pregnancy, RA, vericose veins, caffiene |
|
|
Term
| signs anterior cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral LE weakness and loss of sensation |
|
|
Term
| signs middle cerebral artery injury |
|
Definition
| contralateral UE and face loss of sensation and weakness, wernickes, brocas, neglect or aphasia depending on side |
|
|
Term
| most common locations for berry aneurysms |
|
Definition
#1 anterior communicating
#2 posterior communicating |
|
|
Term
| signs of internal capsule lacunar injury |
|
Definition
pure motor hemiparesis: weakness on one side of body
dysarthria clumsy hand: facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, weakness, clumsiness of one hand
ataxic hemiparesis: ipsilateral weakness and ataxia, gait deviation to affected side |
|
|
Term
| signs of thalamus/pons lacunar injury |
|
Definition
| pure sensory strole: sensory deficit on one side of body |
|
|
Term
| signs of basilar artery injury |
|
Definition
ipsilateral face and contralateral body numbness and weakness
dysphagia, ataxia, hoarsness, dysarthria
diplopia, vomiting, headache |
|
|
Term
| signs wallenberg syndrome |
|
Definition
lateral medullary PICA injury
horners, dystaxia, vertigo
loss of motor, gag/dysphagia, pain and temp in face ipsilateral
loss of pain and temp in body contralateral |
|
|
Term
| signs of inferior lateral pontine syndrome |
|
Definition
AICA injury
contralateral loss of pain and temp
horners
ataxia, vertigo, tinnitus
ipsilateral face loss of motor, pain, temp, corneal and stapedius reflex, UL deafness |
|
|
Term
| signs of benedikt syndrom |
|
Definition
posterior cerebral artery damage, paramedial midbrain syndrome
loss of proproception and vibration
CN III paralysis, pupil abnormalities, loss of convergence and abduction and depression
tremor, dystaxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emboli from carotid stenosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac mural thrombi from AFib |
|
|
Term
| what is the BP contraindication for tPA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do you use BP meds in a stroke patient |
|
Definition
| BP >220/120, MAP >130, aortic dissection, heart failure, HTN encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| who gets carotid endarectomies |
|
Definition
70-99% stenosed symptomatic M/F
50-99% stenosed asymptomatic M
80-99% stenosed asymptomatic F
all with life expectancy >5y and <3% risk of complications |
|
|
Term
| #1 cause of intracerebral hemorrhage |
|
Definition
old people: sudden HTN
young people: cocaine |
|
|
Term
| when do you use BP meds in an intracerebral hemorrhage, what med |
|
Definition
| if >160/105 with nitroprusside |
|
|
Term
| what type of brain bleed do you never use steroids in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage in LP |
|
Definition
| xanthochroma yellow material due to RBC lysis or blood in CSF |
|
|
Term
| when do you give BP meds in subarachnoid hemorrhage, what meds |
|
Definition
| if BP >150 systolic, lebatolol (NO NITRO) and nimodipine to prevent vasospasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horizontal: below zygomatic maxillary junction
from direct facial blow
involves only maxilla
able to move upper pallet anerior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pyramidal: nasofrontal suture, maxilla, lacrimals, orbital floor, maxillary sinus
maxilla and nasal bone motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transverse: zygomatic arch, frontomaxillary suture, nasolactimal, ethmoid
floating midface, must secure airway, trismus, malooclusion, CSF rhinorrhea, moving maxilla moves midface from rest of head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| down pressure on globe floor fx superior maxillary sinus, traps inferior rectus limitinng up gaze |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zygomatico-maxillary-orbital fracture
due to direct blow, causes CN V palsy, trismus, diplopia, brain bleeds |
|
|
Term
| signs of epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
middle meningeal
lucid interval for a few hours
hemiparesis, hemiplegia, seizure
blown pupil on same side as hematoma
lens shaped, convex hypertensity |
|
|
Term
| signs of subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
bridging vein (Elderly on warfarin fell
slow progressive headache
contralateral hemiparesis
concave hyperdensity, crosses suture lines but not midline |
|
|
Term
| signs of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease |
|
Definition
charcot bouchard microaneurysms
lacunar infarcts
slit hemorrhages
hypertensive encephalopathy: BP >130 increases ICP causing edema, petechiae, fibrnoid necrosis, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, seizure, coma |
|
|
Term
| signs of complex regional pain syndrome 1 |
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity, edema, atrophy, swelling, cyanosis, cold, increased hair, patchy deminrization of bone, osteopenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of dopaminergic nerons in substantia nigra, decreased dopamine, increased ACh
increased MPTP which is metabolized to MPP which causes symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AD CAG triplet on CH 4 HIT gene leading to loss of GABA producing neurons in caudate and putamen of striatum (anticipatory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrabenzapine is only FDA approved |
|
|
Term
| cause of fredrech's ataxia |
|
Definition
| degeneration of dorsal colmns and spinocerebellar due to AR GAA repeat expansion in intro causing low frataxia leading to high Fe |
|
|
Term
| signs of fredrech's ataxia |
|
Definition
| gait ataxia, decreased DTR except extensor plantar reflex, loss of position and vibratory sense, pain and temp decreased, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, DM, onset 10yo, wheelchair in 5y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
awake: B waves
N1: light skeep, theta waves
N2: intermediate sleep, K complexes, sleep spindles
N3: deep sleep, delta waves, nocturnal enuresis, night terrors
REM: B waves, every 90-120min, REMs, dreams/nightmares, low voltage, high frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modafinil, methylphenidate (ritalin), venlafaxine, fluoxetine, sleep schedule |
|
|
Term
| leading 3 causes of dementia |
|
Definition
1) alzheimers
2) vascular
3) lewy body/frontotemporal |
|
|
Term
| APO associated with dementia |
|
Definition
E2 decreased risk
E4 increased risk |
|
|
Term
| location in brain dementia first acts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cholinesterase inhibitors: dopenezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
menemtamine
vitamin E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual spacial deficits, decreased concentration, visual hallucinations, falls due to syncope, sleep disorders, parkinsonism |
|
|
Term
| frontotemporal dementia signs |
|
Definition
| inappropirate behavior, progressive aphasia |
|
|
Term
| cause of damage in korsakoff |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and medial dorsal nuclei of thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eye opening: none 1, to pain 2, to command 3, spontaneous 4
verbal: none 1, incomprehensable 2, inappropirate 2, confused 4, oriented 5
motor: none 1, decerebrate 2, decorticate 3, pain 4, localizes pain 5, to command 6 |
|
|
Term
| large, non reactive pupils cause |
|
Definition
| damage below midbrain (CN III involvement), uncal herniation |
|
|
Term
| cause of coma with bilateral fixed and dilated pupils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if eyes move with head reflex is absent and patient is brain dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deviation to water midbrain is intact |
|
|
Term
| empiric therapy of someone in coma |
|
Definition
1) thiamine
2) glucose
3) naloxone |
|
|
Term
| what temp must someone be to be proven brain dead |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| subfalcine (cingulate) herniation signs |
|
Definition
| anterior cerebral artery compression, same signs |
|
|
Term
| transtentorial (uncinate) herniation signs |
|
Definition
CN III: eye goes up and out, dilated pupil
PCA compression: decreased blood to primary visual cortex
contralateral peduncle compression: hemiparesis ipsilateral
tears penetrating vessels of midbraina nd pons: duret hemorrhages on midline |
|
|
Term
| signs of tonsilar herniation |
|
Definition
| compormises resporatory and cardiac ceners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optic neuritis: monoocular vision loss, pain with eye movement, central scotoma (black spot), decreased light reflex, ptosis, marcus gunn pupil, intranuclear opthalmoplegia (medial rectus palsy), LP with oligoclonal bands, white mater lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
INF-B1a
IV steroids for acute attack |
|
|
Term
| signs neuromyelitis optica |
|
Definition
| BL optic neuropathy, lesions in cervical spinal cord causing weakness and parasthesia, spares brain, NMO IgG auto-Ab in serum |
|
|
Term
| signs of guillain barre, tx |
|
Definition
recent camplobacter infection
ascending weakness
absent DTR
elevted CSF protein (albuminocytologic dissociation)
IVIG, plasmapharesis, NEVER GIVE STEROIDS |
|
|
Term
| charcot marine tooth signs |
|
Definition
AR PNS neuropathy
presents 10-20yo
distal weakness, loss of proprioception, decreased reflexes, tremor, spinal deformity, pes cavus (high arch(, foot drop, clumsy, falls, hand weakness, poor hand writing, stork legs, champagine bottle legs |
|
|
Term
| myasthenia gravis diagnosis |
|
Definition
ACh receptor Ab test is most specific
ice pack test: ice over ptosis for 3-5 min in MG cold increases NMJ transmission
endorphonium/tensilion test: AChEI causes improvement in symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ab to presynaptic Ca channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotoxin blocks inhibitory interneurons increasing ACh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits ACh release causing flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
| werding hoffmann / spinal muscle atrophy 1 cause, signs |
|
Definition
| AR SMN1 gene mutation (stops apoptosis of motor neurons that occurs as embryo) now floppy baby by 6mo, inability to feed, respiratory infections, scoliosis, respiratory failure, EOM spared |
|
|
Term
| von recklinghausens signs |
|
Definition
NF1 mutation on CH17
cafe au lait, axillary freckling, inginal freckling, lisch nodule iris harmatomas, pseudoarthritis, cutaneous fibromas, plexiform fibromas, neurofibromas, seizure, MR, learning disabilities, optic nerve pliocystic astrocytoma, pheochromacytomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AD NF2 mutation on CH22
BL acoustic neuroma, multiple meningomas, gliomas, ependyomas, cataracts, MR, short, neurofibromas, cafe-au-lait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrocephalus, harmatomas, astrocytomas, retinal glual harmatomas, CARDIAC RHABDOMYOMAS, ependyoma, cysts of liver kidney pancreas, ADENOMA SEBACEUM (RED NODULES ON FACE LIKE BUTTERFLY), angiofibromas, ASH LEAVES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemangioblastoma, cysts of pancreas liver kidney, renal cell carcinoma, vascular neopalsms (PAS positive), pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| cutaneous manifestations of turner syndrome |
|
Definition
| harmatomas, neurophakomatoses |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell bells palsy from a stroke |
|
Definition
cortex lesion: forehead is innervated by both sides so it does not loose function but lower face is only innervated by one side so contralateral face looses function
LMN: both forehead and lower face loose function, this is bells palsy |
|
|
Term
| signs of ataxia telengestica |
|
Definition
| AR, childhood onset, fredreich's ataxia plsu telengesticas |
|
|
Term
| benign positional vertigo cause, dx, tx |
|
Definition
dislodged otolith
nystamus, vertigo in specific positions
dx dix hallpike
tx epley maneuver |
|
|
Term
| meineres disease cause, sx, tx |
|
Definition
distension of endolymphatic compartment
vertigo, tennitus, hearing loss, full feeling in ear
anticholinergics, antiemetics, and antihistamine
reduce salt, thiazides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nystagmus, instability, decreased hearing
scoloplamine patch or meclizing for 48h, self resolving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focal sensory or motor sign, no LOC, ECG with focal conduction abnormality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin in one part of brain, hallucination or automatism, deja vu, impaired consciousness, post ictal confusion
ECG with focal abnormalities in temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of extremities and back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive muscle contracton and relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief repetitive contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wernickes aphasia cause signs |
|
Definition
lesion in posterior superior temporal / inferior parietal
word substitution, meaningless words, meaningless phrases, poor concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lesion of arcuate fascculus, lesion between wernickes and brocas (supramarginal or angular gyrus)
fluent speech with word substitutions, frequent attempts to correct words, word finding pauses, connot repeat after you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lesion of inferior gyrus, dorsal lateral frontal cortex, anterior parietal cortex
difficulty produciing words, good comprehesion of writing and speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large infarct usually left cerebral hemisphere
difficulty producing words, nonfluent speech, poor comprehension, limb ataxia |
|
|
Term
| cause and tx of meningitis <1mo |
|
Definition
GBS, E. coli, listeria
cefotaxime or gentamycin and ampicillin |
|
|
Term
| cause and tx of meningitis 1mo-60y |
|
Definition
S. pneumo, N. meningitidis, MRSA, H. flu
ceftriaxone or cefotaxime + dexamethasone IV if >6mo |
|
|
Term
| cause and tx of meningitis >60yo |
|
Definition
S. pneumo, listeria, N. meningitidis, GNB, MRSA
ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, ampicillin, vancomycin + dexamethason IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anyone who lost consciousness in trauma, seizure, focal neurological signs, papilledema, pupil asymmetry |
|
|
Term
| who gets a LP just on suspicion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prophylaxis of meningitis |
|
Definition
| only for H. flu and meningococcal (not S. pneumo) rifampin or cipro |
|
|
Term
| short term and long term meningitis complications |
|
Definition
short: increased ICP, seizure, subdural effusions, empyema, brain abscess
long: hearing loss, spastic paralysis intellectual disability, seizure disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
headache, pain, nausea, vomiting, malaise, fever, change in mental status, focal neurological deficits, papilledema, seizure
ring enhancing lesions |
|
|
Term
| treatment of brain abscess |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids, metronidazole and cephtriaxone or if came from surgery or hematologic spread ceftriaxone and vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| treatment of chronic neuroborreliosis |
|
Definition
| IV cephtriaxone (neuro lyme) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
headache, malaise, back pain, myalgia, meningitis, flaccid paralysis, change in LOC
tx supportive |
|
|
Term
| rye syndrome cause, sx, tx |
|
Definition
child with viral illness took aspirin
rash, vomiting, increased LFTs, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, hypoglycemia
tx supportive |
|
|
Term
| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy cause, sx |
|
Definition
JC virus demyelination, latent unless immune suppressed (AIDS, matalizumab)
large hypedensities on T2 |
|
|
Term
| cause of acanthomeba encephalitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid dementia, ataxia, myoclonus, 70s
spongeform change in cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| young adult, slow progression, behavorial changes, spongiform change, cortical amyloid |
|
|
Term
| classic vs common migraine |
|
Definition
classic with aura
common no aurea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UL, throbbing, worse with cough or activity, bending over, vomiting, smell sensitivity, photophobia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CCB (verapamil), BB (propranolol), topomirate |
|
|
Term
| signs of tension headache |
|
Definition
| BL, tight, occipital or neck pain, worse through out day, associated with anxiety |
|
|
Term
| treatment of pseudotumor cerebri |
|
Definition
optomize ICP (decrease vitamin A, level steroids, no tetracyclne)
DOC acetazolamide
serial LP
optic nerve sheath decompression
lumboperitoneal shunting |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri |
|
Definition
| >200 in non-obese, >250 in obese LP pressure |
|
|
Term
| signs of post-dural headache |
|
Definition
| severe, dull, frontooccipital, post-epidural, self limited, relieved supine, give epidrudal blood patch |
|
|
Term
| most common CNS neoplasms in adults |
|
Definition
| metastasis, glioblastoma, meningoma, schwannoma |
|
|
Term
| most common CNS neoplasms in kids |
|
Definition
| astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependyoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breast, skin/melanoma, kidney GI/colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines causing HTN, in skull bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
associated iwth NF2
PAS +, VEGF secretion, pseudopsmammoma bodies, psamomma bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation in BARF
associated with NF1
cystic tumor of 3rd ventricle
ploid cells with hair processes, GFAP, rosenthal fibers, eosinophil bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ring enhancing lobulated lesion in cerebral hemispheres that crosses corpus collosum, butterfly shape
p53.RB mutation
very agressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vermis/cerebellar hemisphere cyst or mural nodule, irritability, vomiting, enlarged head, ataxia
excision curative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporal or frontal white matter tumor, years of neurological complaints and seizure
fried egg cells, calcifications, anastamosing capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventricel cells
perivascular pseudorosettes
kid tumor
need to radiate entire CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kid tumor
neuroendocrine tissue
cerebellar tumor spreads from vermis to 4th ventricle
ataxia, hydrocephalus, headache
radiate entire CNS |
|
|
Term
| pariuad syndrome cause signs |
|
Definition
pineal gland tumor
loss of upper gaze (sunset eyes) |
|
|
Term
| when to LP in febrile seizure |
|
Definition
| <1yo or if atypical (>15min or fever <102) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cognitive delay, seizure, ataxia, lethargy, papilledema, peripheral neuropathy, wrist drop, basophilic stippling
serum lead DOC
succimer, dimercaprol, EDTA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| completely open spine, no vertebrae, has laminae, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disruptd neuron migration, thick cortex with only 4 layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular gyri, cobblestone surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disruption of midline patterning due to sonic mutation
mild has arrhinecephaly lack of olfactory bulbs, severe has no hemispheres and one midline ventricle or midline facial defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tonsils go through foramen magnum
no symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fossa too small for cerebellum, vermis goes through foramen magnum, causes hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| dandy walker malformation |
|
Definition
| posterior fossa large, no vermis, midline cyst makes 4th ventricle with emendymal cells continous with meninges, causes hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dandy walker withot brainstem or vermis abnormalities
eye and respiratory problems
genetic lesions in primary cilium |
|
|
Term
| how is refraction power determined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
near sighted
refraction too great
image focal point anterior to retina
blurred bision
worse vision fat away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
far sighted
refraction power too weak
focal point is posterior to retina
blurred vision
worse for closer objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asymmetric cornea surface causing inconstent refraction of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deviation of eye unable to be overcome by motor control, double bision, progressive blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developmental defect in neural athway of eye interfers with processing of images during 1st 10y of life
caused by strabismus, cataracts, refractive error |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
estropia inward deviation
extropia outward deviation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horizontal jerk in extreme lateral gaze
vertical jerk always abnormal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal looks toward water slow (Brainstem) and jerks back (cortex)
decreased consciousness: decreased fast component
coma: no movement, brainstem compressed |
|
|
Term
| describe the pathway of the optic tracts |
|
Definition
lateral geniculate of thalamus after chiasm
braumans loop: superior retina, inferior visual field to parietal lobe
meyers loop: inferior retina, superior visual field, to temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimally reactive dilated pupil due to abnormal innervation to iris, damaged preganglionic PNS fibers |
|
|
Term
| cause open angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| gradule increase IOP due to impaired outlow of aq humor at trabecular network |
|
|
Term
| cause closed angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| acute increase IOP due to narrowing of anerior chamber angle and obstructed drainage of aq humor, iris and lens stick and pressure builds behind |
|
|
Term
| treatment open angle glaucom |
|
Definition
BB (tindolol topical)
acetazolamide
pilocarpine
a-agonists
surgery |
|
|
Term
| treatment closed angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
timolol, apraclonidine, pilocarpine
acetazolamide
mannitol IV if refractory
peripheral ididotomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exudative, rapid
sudden vision due to leakage of serous fluid and blood due to abnormal vessel formation under retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonexudative, slow
atrophy and degeneration fo central retina, yellow white deposits (drusen) under pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| treatmetn of wet and dry macular degeneration |
|
Definition
wet: antiVEGF (ranibizumab), laser photocoagulation
dry: OTC formulas, vit c, vit e, B-carotene, Cu, zinc |
|
|
Term
| signs of retinal artery occlusion |
|
Definition
| sudden painless loss of vision, cherry red spot in foeva, poor arterial filling, seeing stars |
|
|
Term
| signs of retinal vein occlusion |
|
Definition
| gradual painless vision loss, cotton wool spots, edema, hemorrhages, dilated veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malignant, RB mutation, kid tumor
decreae in vision or eye inflammation, poor red light reflex due to leukocoria, white retinal mass |
|
|
Term
| signs cause of viral conjunctivits |
|
Definition
watery discharge, palpable periarticular node, diarrhea, sealed in morning
adenovirus |
|
|
Term
| causes and signs of bacterial conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
rapid onset, hyperemia, tearing, mucupurulent exudate 24h/d, crusting
S. pneumo, S. aureus |
|
|
Term
| signs of orbital cellulitis cause, signs |
|
Definition
infection posterior to orbital septum due to S. aureus or strep
propotosis, opthalmoplegia, decreased vision,d ouble vision, pain with eyemovement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection anterior to orbital septum
UL periorbital swelling, no change in vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection (Staph) of eyelid and lashes secondary to seborrhea
red swollen lid margins, dandruff on lashes
tx wash lid daily, remove scales, antibiotic ointment to lid margin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of internal meibomian sebacrous glands
eyelid swelling
self limited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stye, tender, red, swelling of lid margin
infection of external sebaceous glands of zeiss or mol
hot compress, antibiotic ointment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of vessels lining episclera just below conjunctiva due to autoimmune or CT disease
red irritated, ache, watery discharge, blotchy sclera,
self limited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of sclera due to autoimune
deep eye pain, ocular redness, pain on pailation, visual impairement
topical or systemic steroids |
|
|
Term
| signs of anterior and posterior uveitis |
|
Definition
anterior: keratin deposits on teh cornea, cells and flare, ciliary flush
posterior: mild vision change, retinal lesions, eye inflammation
both: pain, photophobia, redness, tearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S. pneumo, H. flu, moraxella, S. pyogenes, viral |
|
|
Term
| treatment of otitis media |
|
Definition
6mo-2yo, UL, no otorrhea: observe 48h
>2yo, UL/BL, no otorrhea: observe 48h
amoxicillin 10d if not, add clavulonate if resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pseudomonas otitis media in DM, spreads to externa, skin, temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to diagnose otitis media and their benifits |
|
Definition
tympanocyntesis: most acurate, can analyse and culture middle ear fluid
pneumatic otoscopy: uses pressure on TM, most sensitive, shows decreased movement, best for initial diagnosis
tympanometry: screening for middle ear effusion in otitis media patient, can also work up hearing loss and CN VII/VIII |
|
|
Term
| causes of external otitis media |
|
Definition
| S. aureus, pseudomonas (#1), S. epidermatitis |
|
|
Term
| bollus myrinigits cause, signs |
|
Definition
bollus vesicular inflammation of TM due to M. pneumoniae, large red vessicles on RM
tx: macrolide, topical antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
herpes zoster auticis
reactivated herpes in ear via genticulate ganglion to CN 8
ipsilateral facial paralysis, ear pain, vesicles in auditory canal, auricle, abnormal taste, tinnitus, lacrimation, vertigo
tx valcyclovir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal bone deposition in middle ear at rim of oval window where footplate and stapes fit
BL, familial, causes hearing loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overgrowth of keratin debris from squamous cells in middle ear that erode ossicular chain and external auditory canal
negative middle ear pressure, chronic middle ear infection, gray white pearly lesion behind or involving TM, conductive hearing loss, vertigo, visible neck mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bonygrowth od external auditory canal due to repetitive cold water exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
degeneration of sensory cells and nerve fibers at base of cochlea associated with aging
hearing loss at high frequencies, gradual, symmetric |
|
|
Term
| tests for conductive hearing loss |
|
Definition
rhine abnormal (bone > air)
webber: heart better in affected ear |
|
|
Term
| sensorial hearing loss tests |
|
Definition
rinne normal (air > bone)
webber: sounds better in unaffected ear |
|
|
