Term
| CNS/PNS neuroectoderm origin |
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Definition
| CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes |
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Term
| CNS/PNS neural crest origin |
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Definition
| schwann cells, PNS neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| axon injury --> neuron degeneration distally, axonal reaction proximally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| respond to tissue damage by differentiating into large phagocytic cells |
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Definition
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Term
| fuse when HIV-infected to become multinucleate cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| destroyed in Guillan-barre |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| type of schwannoma typically on CN VIII |
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Term
| promote axonal regeneration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| synthesis in locus ceruleus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| increased in anxiety and mania |
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Definition
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|
Term
| increased in schizophrenia and depression |
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis in reticular formation |
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis in solitary tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis in ventral tegmentum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis in raphe nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| decreased in anxiety and depression |
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Definition
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Term
| decreased in alzheimer's and huntington's |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis in basal nucleus of meynert |
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Definition
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|
Term
| synthesis in nucleus accumbens |
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Definition
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|
Term
| need vitamin B6 for synthesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| decreased in anxiety and huntingtons |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| ventral segmental area -> cortex |
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Term
| symptoms if block mesocortical |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| ventral tegmental -> limbic |
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Term
| symptoms if block mesolimbic |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Snc -> striatum (caudate and putamen) |
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Term
| symptoms if block nigrostriatal |
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Definition
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|
Term
| tuberoinfundibular pathway |
|
Definition
| arcuate nucleus -> pituitary |
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Term
| symptoms if block tuberoinfundibular |
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Definition
| increased prolactin -> hypogonadism |
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Term
|
Definition
| capillary endothelium, basement membrane, astrocyte processes |
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|
Term
| lipid/water soluble can pass BBB rapidly? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| infarction and/or neoplasm destroyed endothelial cell tight junctions |
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Term
supraoptic nucleus
- fxn
- destruction |
|
Definition
- ADH secretion
- diabetes insipidus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| destruction eads to anorexia, failure to thrive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| destruction leads to hyperphagia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| mediates circadian rhythm |
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Definition
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|
Term
| effects the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
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|
Term
| destruction results in hyperthermia |
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Definition
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|
Term
| receives input from retina |
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Definition
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|
Term
| savage behavior and obesity from stimulation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| responsible for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation in hot temp |
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Definition
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|
Term
| responsible for shivering and decreased cutaneous blood frlow |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion of superior colliculi |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| taste anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| monitoring chemo and baro receptors |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| aortic arch chemo and baro receptors |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| taste from epiglottic regions |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
afferent = V1
efferent = VII |
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|
Term
|
Definition
afferent = V1
efferent = VII |
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|
Term
|
Definition
afferent = V3
efferent = V3 |
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Term
|
Definition
afferent = II
efferent = III |
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|
Term
|
Definition
afferent = IX
efferent = IX and X |
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Term
| nuclei for visceral sensory |
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Definition
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|
Term
| nucleus solitarius nerves |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nuclie for motor innervation of pharynx, larynx and upper esophagus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nuclei for autonomic to heart lungs ad upper GI |
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Definition
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|
Term
| doral motor nucleus nerves |
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Definition
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|
Term
| nerves through cavernous sinus |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tongue toward side of lesion |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness to turn head to contalateral side of lesion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid |
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|
Term
| eye down and out, ptosis, los of accomodation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| vertical diplopia (eye drifts up) |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| pancoast tumor, brown squared, late stage syringomyelia |
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|
Term
VPL:
- input
- info
- destination |
|
Definition
- spinothalamic and DCML
- pain and tem; pressure, temp, vin and prop
- 1' somatosensory |
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|
Term
VPM:
- input
- info
- destination |
|
Definition
- trigeminal and gustatory
- face sensation and taste
- 1' somatosensory |
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|
Term
LGN:
- input
- info
- destination |
|
Definition
- CN II
- vision
- calcarine sulus |
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|
Term
MGN:
- input
- info
- destination |
|
Definition
- superior olive and inf colliculus
- hearing
- auditory cortex of temp lobe |
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|
Term
| middel cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
| ispilateral proprioceptive information |
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|
Term
| input nerves of cerebellum |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| output nerves to cerebellum |
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Definition
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|
Term
| superior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deep nuclei of cerebellum |
|
Definition
| dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial |
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|
Term
| lalteral cerebellar nuclei fxn |
|
Definition
| voluntary movement of extremities |
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|
Term
| medial movement of cerebellum |
|
Definition
| balance, truncal coordination, ataxia |
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Term
|
Definition
| voluntary movements and making postural adjustments; receives cortical input , provides neg feedback to cortex to modulate movement |
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|
Term
| what makes up the striatum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excitatory pathway of basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| cortical inputs stimulate striatum, stimulating release of Ach, which disinhibits the thalamus via the GPi/SNr |
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|
Term
| inhibitory pathway of basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| cortical inputs stimulate striatum which disinhibits STN via GPe and STN stimulates GPi to inhibit the thalamus |
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|
Term
| D1 vs D2 in basal ganglia |
|
Definition
D1 = stimulatory
D2 = inhibitory |
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|
Term
| D1 vs D2 in basal ganglia |
|
Definition
D1 = stimulatory
D2 = inhibitory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra pars compacta |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tremor, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia and postural instability |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hemiballismus from sub thalamic nucleus lesion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| CAG repeat, atrophy of caudate; neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| chorea, aggression, depression and dementia |
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|
Term
| sudden, jerky purposeless movements |
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Definition
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|
Term
| slow, writhing movements especially of fingers |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sudden, brief muscle contraction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sustained, involuntary muscle contractions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential/postural tremor |
|
Definition
| action tremor (worsens when holding posture), autosomal domonane; self medicate with alcohol |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| seen in parkinson's; most noticeable distally |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| slow, zigzag motion when pointing toward a target; with cerebellar dysfunction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| topographical representation of sensory and motor areas in cerebral cortex; used to localize lesions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior with amygdala lesion |
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|
Term
| frontal lobe lesion symptoms |
|
Definition
| disinhibition, deficits in concentration, orientation and judgement; reemergence of primitive reflexes |
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Term
|
Definition
| spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, L and R disorientation |
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|
Term
| Reticular activating system defect |
|
Definition
| reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
wernicke= confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
korsakoff = memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| may result in tremor at rest, chorea or athetosis |
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|
Term
| cerebellar hemisphere lesion |
|
Definition
| intension tremor, limb ataxia; ipsilateral defts; fall toward side of lesion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| truncal ataxia, dysarthria |
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|
Term
| subthalamic nucleus lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterograde amneia (can't make new memories) |
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|
Term
| Paramedian pontine erticular formation lesion |
|
Definition
| eyes look away from side of lesion |
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|
Term
| frontal eye fields lesion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| superior colliculi lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
central pontine myelinolysis
- symptoms
- cause |
|
Definition
- acute paralysis, dysarhria, dysphagia, diplopia and loss of consciousness
- very rapid correction of hyponatremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension; inf frontal gyrus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension; superior temporal gyrus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| confluent with impaired comprehension; both broca's and wernicke's affected |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| poor repitiaion; arcuae fascicles lesion |
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|
Term
| anterior cerebral artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| middle cerebral artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| posterior cerebral artery supply |
|
Definition
| posterior and inferior surfaces |
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|
Term
watershed zones
- locations
- when damaged |
|
Definition
- between ACA/MA, PCA/MCA
- severe hypotension -> upper leg/upper arm weakness, defects in higher-order visual processing |
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|
Term
| fxn of therapeutic hyperventilaiton |
|
Definition
| helps dec ICP in cases of acute cerebral edema |
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|
Term
MCA stroke
- location
- symptoms |
|
Definition
- motor cortex (upper limb and face), sensory cortex (upper limb and face), wernicke's and broca
- contralat paralysis of upper face and limbs, contra sensation upper limb and face, hemineglect if on L side |
|
|
Term
ACA stroke
- location
- symptoms |
|
Definition
- lower limb motor and sensory
- contra lower limb paralysis and loss of sensation |
|
|
Term
lateral striate artery stroke
- location
- symptoms |
|
Definition
- striatum, internal capsule
- contra hemiparesis/hemiplegia |
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|
Term
ASA stroke
- location
- symptoms |
|
Definition
- lateral corticospinal, medial lemniscus, caudal medulla (CNXII)
- contra lower limb hemiparesis, dec control prop, ipso hypoglossal dysfxn |
|
|
Term
PICA stroke
- location
- symptoms |
|
Definition
lateral medulla (vestib, lat spinothal, spinal trigem, nucleus ambig, symp); inf cerebellar pedunc
- vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, limb/face (de pain, temp and sense) dysphagia hoarseness, gag, ipso horner's ataxia dysmetria |
|
|
Term
AICA stroke
- location
- symptoms |
|
Definition
- lateral pons (vestib nuclei, facial nucleus, spinal trigem, cochlear nuc, smp fibers), middle and inf cerebellar peduncles
- vomiting, vertigo,nystagmus; paralysis of face, dec lac, dec ace ant 2/3, dec corneal reflex; ipso hornet's; dec pain and temp to face; ipsi dec hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occipital cortex, visual cortex
- conra hemianopsia with macular sparing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III palsy= eye down and out |
|
|
Term
| most common site of berry aneurysm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associations with berry aneurysm |
|
Definition
| ADPKD, ehlers-danlos, marfan's, age, HTN, smoking, race |
|
|
Term
| charcot-bouchard microaneurysms |
|
Definition
| chronic hypertension; affects small vessels |
|
|
Term
epidural hematoma
- artery
- symptoms
- CT |
|
Definition
- middle meningeal
- lucid interval with CN III palsy
- lense shaped |
|
|
Term
subdural hematoma
- vessel
- associations
- CT |
|
Definition
- bridging veins
- elderly, alcoholics, trauma, shaken baby
- crescent shape, midline shift |
|
|
Term
subarachnoid hemorrhage
- vessel
- associations
- symptoms
- CT
- tx |
|
Definition
- ruptured berry aneurysm
- marfan, ehlers-danlos, AVM
- worst HA of life; 2-3 days after see xanthochromic spinal tap
- not visible
- nimodipine |
|
|
Term
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- cause
- location |
|
Definition
- HTN, amyloid angiopathy, vasculitis and neoplasm
- basal ganglia and internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| what you see on irreversible neuronal injury |
|
Definition
| red neurons, necrosis + Nt, macrophages, reactive gliosis + vascular proliferation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracerebral bleeding 2/2 HTN, anticoagulation and cancer; 2/2 ischemic stroke following repercussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emboli; Afib, carotid dissection, patet foramen ovale, endocarditis; tx: tPA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief, reversible episode of neurologic dysfunction lasting fewer than 24 hrs |
|
|
Term
| normal pressure hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| wet (urinary incontinence), wobbly (ataxia) and wacky (dementia) 2/2 expansion of ventricle distorts the fibers of corona radiata |
|
|
Term
| communicating hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| dec CSF absorption by arachnoid villi -> inc ICP, papilledema and herniation |
|
|
Term
| obstructive hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| blockage of CSF circulation within the ventricular system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appearance of inc cSF in atrophy (alzheimers) |
|
|
Term
| function and location of fascicles cuneatus vs gracilis |
|
Definition
cuneatus = upper body; lateral
gracilis = lower body, medial |
|
|
Term
dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway
- 1st order
- synapse 1
- 2nd order
- synapse 2
- 3rd order |
|
Definition
- dorsal root gang -> ascends ipsi in dorsal column
- ipsi cuneatus or gracilis
- decussates in medulla and ascends contra in med lemniscus
- VPL
- sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
spinothalamic tract
- 1st order
- synapse 1
- 2nd order
- synapse 2
- 3rd order |
|
Definition
- a-delta or C fiers in dorsal root to s.c.
- ipsi gray matter
- decussates at anterior white commissure
- VPL
- sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
lateral corticospinal
- 1st order
- synapse 1
- 2nd order
- synapse 2
- 3rd order |
|
Definition
- upper motor descends and decussates at medullary pyramids
- anterior horn
- LMH leaves spinal cord
- neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness, hyperreflexia, inc tone, babinski, spastic paralysis, clasp knife spasticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness, atrohy, fasiculations, hyporeflexia, dec tone, flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
| dorsal column- medial lemniscal informaiton |
|
Definition
| pressure, vibration, touch and proprioception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral corticospinal tract info |
|
Definition
| descending voluntary movement of contralateral limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polio, wednig-hoffman, ALS |
|
|
Term
| multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesion |
|
Definition
| white matter, random asymmetric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ant horn and lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| anterior spinal artery spinal cord lesion |
|
Definition
| spares dorsal columns and tract of Lissauer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies anterior spinal artery around T8 |
|
|
Term
| tabes dorsalis spinal cord lesion |
|
Definition
| degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal columns |
|
|
Term
| syringomyelia spinal cord lesion |
|
Definition
| anterior white commissure of spinothalamic tract -> BL loss of pain and temp |
|
|
Term
| demyelination of dorsal columns and lateral corticospona, and siocerebellar |
|
Definition
| Vit B12, Vit E deficiency and Fridreich's ataxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malaise, HA, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, sore throat, LMN lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CSF with lymphocytic pleocytosis with slight elevation of rote in |
|
|
Term
| werdnig-horrman disease symptoms |
|
Definition
| floppy babye; tongue fasciculaitons, seat around 7 months; degen of nat horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| riluzole decreases presynpatic glutamate release |
|
|
Term
tabes dorsalis
- symptoms
- tx |
|
Definition
- impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia
- riluzole |
|
|
Term
friedreich's ataxia
- defect
- symptoms |
|
Definition
- GAA that encodes trataxin, impaired mito functioning
- staggering gait, pes cavus, hammer toes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, kyphoscoliosis |
|
|
Term
| findings in brown-sequard |
|
Definition
below lesion = ipsi UMN, ipsi dorsal column,contra pain and temp,
at level = ipsi sensation, LMN signs |
|
|
Term
reflexes:
- biceps
- triceps
- patella
- achilles
- babinski |
|
Definition
- C5
- C7
- L4
- S1
- dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning of other toes; UMN lesion |
|
|
Term
primitive relfexes
- moro
- rooting
- suckling
- palmar and plantar
- gallant |
|
Definition
- extend limbs when startled and then draw together
- move head toward check stroked
- suckling when roof of mouth touched
- curling of fingers if hands stroked
- stroking on one side of spine while newborn in ventral suspension causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side |
|
|
Term
| conductive hearing loss vs sensorineural |
|
Definition
- conductive = abnormal Rinne (bone > air), weber to affected ear
- sensorineural = rinne normal (A>B), weber to unaffected ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesion of medial longitudinal fascicles -> medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze and nystagmus in abducting eye; in MS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tongue deviates toward side of lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jaw deviates toward side of lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uvula deviates away from side of lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness turning head to contralateral side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- UMN = contralateral lower face only
- LMN = ipsilateral upper and lower |
|
|
Term
bell's palsy
- symptoms
- causes |
|
Definition
- destruction of facial nucleus or branch ail efferent fibers; peripheral ipsi facial paralysis with inability to close eye
- lyme, herpes, AIDS, sarcoid, tumor, diabetes |
|
|
Term
free nerve endings
- fibers
- location
- senses |
|
Definition
- C = slow, unmyelinated; A-delta = fast, myelinated
- all skin, epidermis, some viscera
- pain and temp |
|
|
Term
meissner's
- fibers
- location
- senses |
|
Definition
- large myelinated
- hairless skin
- position, dynamic fine ought, adapt quickly |
|
|
Term
pacinian
- fibers
- location
- senses |
|
Definition
- large myelinated
- deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
- vibration and pressure |
|
|
Term
merkel's
- fibers
- location
- senses |
|
Definition
- large myelinated
- hair follicles
- position sense, static touch, adapt slowly |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nerve structure |
|
Definition
| endoneurium = invests single nerve fiber layers; perineurium = surrounds fascicle of nerve fibers; epineurium = dense CT that surrounds entire nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal necrosis + edema -> atrophic scare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic inflammation; e.g. Reiter's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliary mm contracts -> more convex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliary mm relaxes -> lens flattens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sclerosis and dec elasticity -> presybyopia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute, painless monocular loss of vision; pale retina and cherry-red macula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstructed outflow; with myopia, inc age, AA; silent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very painful, dec vision, rock hard eye, frontal HA |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for cataracts |
|
Definition
| age, smoking, EtOH, sunlight, classic galactosemia, galactokinase deficiency, DM, trauma, infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc iCP -> elevated optic disk with blurred margins, bigger blind spots |
|
|
Term
| pupillary control: constriction |
|
Definition
| pupillary sphincter; parasymp. CN III from edinger westphal nucleus -> ciliary ganglion |
|
|
Term
| pupillary control: dilation |
|
Definition
| radial mm, symp; T1 symp -> sup cervical ganglion -> postgangl symp -> long ciliary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN II -> pretectal nuclei -> activate bilateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei -> occulomotor nerve -> pupillary constrictor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent pupillary defect = dec BL pupillary constriction when light is shone in affected eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inside = output; ptosis, down nd out gaze, nonreactive pupils
outside = parasympathetic, affected 1st by compression, blown pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separation of neurosensory layer of retina from pigment epithelium -> degeneration of photoreceptors -> vision loss; 2/2 trauma or DM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-degeneration of macula and loss of central vision;
- dry - atrophic, slow, due to fat deposits; tx: smoking cessation and antioxidants
wet = rapid, due to neovascularization |
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: right anopia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: bitemporal hemianopia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: left homonymous hemianopia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: left upper quadrant anopia |
|
Definition
| R mayer's loop (temporal lobe); MCA |
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: left lower quadratic anopia |
|
Definition
| R dorsal optic radiation (parietal lobe); MCA |
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: left hemianopia with macular sparing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field defect: central scotoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of optic chiasm lesion |
|
Definition
| pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngeoma, aneruysm at anterior communicating |
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