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Neurology
strucutures of the brain
41
Medical
Undergraduate 4
02/22/2012

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Term
association fibers
Definition
defined as white matter pathways that connect two points within the same hemisphere.
Term
arcuate fasiculus
Definition
band of white matter that connects two important association fibers. it connects area 22 (Wernicke's area) to area 44 (Broca's Area)
Term
Commisural fibers
Definition
fibers that connect regions between the two hemispheres. The link between the right and the left.
Term
What is the main and the most important commissural fibers?
Definition
the corpus callosum
Term
projection fiber
Definition
runs from the cortex to other parts of the body. Motor projection fiber. cerebral cortex-->spinal cord.
Term
Limbic system
Definition
subcortical lesion; short term memory problem. Primitive part of the cortex. associated with survival and primitive functions necessary for survival.
Term
structures associated with the limbic system
Definition
hippocampus: associated with memory function
amygdala: associated with memory function.
cingulate gyrus
fornix
Term
what are the four f's ?
Definition
fear, flight, fight, and sex
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
Motor function. associated with muscle tone, posture, balance, and coordination.
Term
disorders of the basal ganglia
Definition
Chorea:involuntary movement.
athetosis: slow, snake like movement
PD: rigidity tone (mask like face)
resting tremor/tremor at rest.
shuffling gait.
Term
structures associated with the basal ganglia
Definition
caudate nucleus
lenticular nucleus
internal capsule
Term
what are the two important parts of the thalamus
Definition
lateral geniculate (associated with sense of vision)
medial geniculate (associated with audition).
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
in charge of the autonomic nervous system (PNS), digestion, breathing, etc.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
important for metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system.
Term
midbrain
Definition
associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal and temperature regulation.
Term
PONS/medulla
Definition
compromise what is known as the brainstem and the hindbrain.
Term
PONS
Definition
sensory processing
motor processing
RAS contained partly
functions same as midbrain
Term
medulla
Definition
longer and covers more area, will go directly into the spinal cord.
sensory & motor processing
RAS
Term
what is unique to the medulla ?
Definition
there is a number of important metabolic/life sustaining functions. damage can be life threatening.
Term
cerebellum
Definition
organ that is lateral to the brainstem. Has hemispheres (called minor hemispheres). Called cerebellar hemispheres.
Term
vermis
Definition
the cerebellar hemispheres are connected by this structure.
Term
cerebellar peduncles
Definition
bridges that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem (PONS/medulla).
Term
how many peduncles are there?
Definition
there are three.
superior peduncle
middle
inferior.
Term
function of the cerebellum
Definition
it is concerened with motor functions.
able to compare the goal of the movement and the current status of the movement. By comparing the goals of the cerebellum it can make adjustments in order to reach the goal.
Term
dysfunctions of the cerebellum
Definition
ataxia
gait: stagger; drunk apperance
overshooting
undershooting
tremors (action tremor. noticeable during voluntary movement.
Term
rebound phenomenon
Definition
after the reflec is triggered the person continues to execute the reflex.
Term
dysfunctions associated with speech
Definition
DDK (cannot execute the rapid back and forth/alternating movements.
Term
when is a spinal nerve formed?
Definition
when the dorsal and the ventral root meet up together. this in turn gives us a mixed nerve.
Term
spinal nerve outside of vertebra
Definition
splits after awhile, splits into ramus/rame
posterior ramus- serves the back of the body. Bothh sensory and motor fibers
anterior ramus- serves the front of the body. both sensory and motor fibers.
ramus is associated with mixed nerve
Term
segmental distribution
Definition
when the spinal nerves are divided into sections, they are in charge of that certain section.
Term
spinal nerves
Definition
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
C0
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
Area 17. Calcarine fissure
Primary
Function: visual
Disorder: Blindness
Term
Occipital lobe (2)
Definition
Areas: 18,19
Function: interpret what you see
Disorder: visual agnosia
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
Area 41 Heschl's gyrus
Primary
Function: allows for auditory stimulation
disorder: deafness.
Term
temporal lobe (2)
Definition
Area 42, 22(Wernicke's area)
secondary
function: interpret auditory stimuli
disorder: comprehension issues Language not meaningful.
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
Areas: 3,2,1 postcentraal gyrus
primary
Function: touch sensation
disorder: numbness/loss of sensation.
Term
Parietal lobe (2)
Definition
Areas 5,7
secondary
function: interpreting what you touch
disorder: cannot interpret what is being touched.
Term
Tertiary area
Definition
Area 39, Angular gyrus
tertiary
connects all the association areas.
disorder: impaired cross-modal functions
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
Area 4 precentral gyrus,
primary
function: motor
disorder: paralysis
Term
frontal lobe (2)
Definition
Area 6, area 44(broca's area)
Function: (6) movement in limbs and trunk. (44) oral motor and facial movements.
disorder: impaired motor planning and programming (apraxia).
Term
frontal lobe (3)
Definition
Areas 9-12 Prefrontal region
tertiary
liked to goal directed behavior
disorder: no initiative
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