Term
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Definition
Left side Paralyzed
Special Perceptula Deficits
Quick Impulsive Behavior
Memory Deficits |
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Term
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Definition
Paralyzed Right Side
Speech-Language Deficits
Slow, Cautious Behavior Style
Memory Deficits |
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Term
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Definition
Carotid source of clots
produces noise = bruit
*MURAL THROMBI FROM A FIB* |
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Term
| Can an embolism of the brain come from the LE? |
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Definition
NOOO
UNLESS YOU AN ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT |
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Term
| What do you give an embolism (infarction) but NOTTTT a hemorrhagic stroke |
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Definition
| Intravenous thrombolytic therapy (clot busters) |
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Term
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Definition
fibrinogen --> thrombin via prohrombin
thrombin --> fibrin which forms plasmin
PLASMIN breaks clots up |
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Term
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Definition
- comlete recovery must occur by 24 hours
usually occurs in 1 hour
HIGH RiSK FOR EVENTUAL STROKE
Treat: Anticoagulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Silent Stroke that mimics Alzheimer's dementia |
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Term
Meningitis
Aseptic vs. chronic |
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Definition
fever, stiff neck, headache, altered mentality, skin rash
- can be caused by streptococcus pneumonia or neisseria
Aseptic = VIRAL: herpes simplex, mumps, enerovirus: usually not fatal
Chronic = BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL = Fatal
results via lumbar puncture |
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Term
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Definition
usual causative agents: Viruses
rabies, measles, polio, west nile, herpes simplex |
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Term
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Definition
increase ICP
polymicrobial |
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Term
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Definition
Slowly progressive movement disorder
*Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in Substantia Nigra*
progressive decline of extrapyramidal motor system (reticular formation, basal ganglia, cerebellum)
treated with LEVODOPA, MAO (monamine oxidase) inhibitors,
USUALLY DIE BY Aspiration pneumonia |
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Term
| What's so cool about MAO inhibitors |
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Definition
blocks MAO-B
results in elevated dopamine, increases effects of Levodopa, and has small risk of hypertension
- enzymes are present in nerves, gut, and liver
A= degrades NE and Tyramine
B= Degrades Dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
adrenergic agonist
metabolized by MAO
if it is not degraded it results in hypertension, tachycardia, arrhthmia, and CVA |
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Term
| ALS = Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Definition
most common MOTOR neurodegenerative disorder
progressive death of UE and LE in the spinal cord and brain
weakness than gradual paralysis
death = respiratory failure |
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Term
Myasthenia Gravis
what do 10-15% of MG patients have? |
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Definition
Autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular JXN
Auto-antibodies directed against ACH receptors at the neuromuscular jxn
PTOSIS, diplopia, Dysphagia
*REPETITIVE MUSCLE USE = worse at end of day*
Thymus = benign tumor of the thymus= hyperthroidism |
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Term
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Definition
acute idiopathic polyneuropathy
= rapidly progressive motor paralysis
Spontaneous recovery
*autoimmune disorder*
usually caused by a trigger event |
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Term
| what's the key feature of Guillen Barre?? |
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Definition
ASCENDING PARALYSIS
- rapid time course
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION
Treatment must be started early= plasmapharesis |
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Term
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Definition
convulsion
ABNORMAL EXCESSIVE AND SYNCHRONIZED DISCHARGE OF CNS NEURONS |
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Term
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Definition
recurrent seizures
"falling sickness"
Primary = Idiopathic
Secondary: neoplasms, head trauma, encephalitis |
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Term
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Definition
Tonic-clonic "Grand Mal"
Absence "petit mall"
myoclonic and febrile |
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Term
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Definition
Retain consciousness
single muscle group/limb
sensory auras or hallucinations |
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Term
| Post-Ictal Phase of seizure |
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Definition
headache, confusion
fatigue, lethargy
muscle soreness |
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Term
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Definition
Repetitive seizures
seizure lasting >5 min or repetitive right after another and patient is not waking up
*MEDICAL EMERGENCY* = anticonvulsants required |
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Term
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Definition
Glutamate = excites neurons and propagates
GABA= inhibitor calms down activity = Good anticonvulsant |
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Term
| When treating seizures what do you need to be most careful of |
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Definition
APRUBT WITHDRAWAL
- trigger frequent seizures and status epilepticus |
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Term
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Definition
Areas of demyelination of the CNS
- inflammatory damage followed by gliosis
- closer to the poles = higher incidece of MS |
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Term
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Definition
| limb weakness, numbness or tingling, spastic paraparesis, optic neuritis, diplopia, loss of control of bladdar/rectal, vertigo |
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Term
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Definition
Corticosteroids = prednisone
Immunosuppressive durgs
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG)
*INTERFERON = GOLD STANDARD* |
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Term
| When would you use IVIG for MS? |
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Definition
when there is an immunodeficiency disorder
inflammatory/autoimmune o
or serious acute infection |
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Term
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Definition
Donor IgG binds to host and tiggers a purge of Ig by complement (antibodies goin against our own myelin)
- also blocks macrophage receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Progressive, irreversible decline in mental fxn
memory, reasoning, judgement, thought, learning, language
Females most likely = head injury |
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Term
| What are causes of dementia |
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Definition
MAIN CAUSE = ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
SECOND = VASCULAR DEMENTIA
Vitamin B-12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
Plaques and tangles of beta amyloid
tangles of Tau proteins
trial to use anti amyoid drugs to reduce plaque
Prevention: Statins or NSAIDS
Treatment: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonist |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
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Definition
- diminished CNS activity in Alzheimrs
so it can slow disease progression
effect is not dramatic |
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Term
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Definition
NMDA is Activated by glutamate
excess glutamate lead to alzheimer's |
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Term
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Definition
Benign vs. malignant
brain vs. spinal cord
primary vs. secondary (secondary is metastatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| originate in brain = single |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple = metastasis from somewhere else and goes to brain |
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Term
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Definition
Malignancy in CNS comes from support cells in brain
tumor of support cell in CNS
=42%
ASTROCYTOMAS = MOST COMMON
high grade = glioblastoma multiforme
- spreads far and wide |
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Term
| 2-4 most common CNS tumors |
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Definition
Meningiomas, Schwannomas, and Pituitary
29........................10........................6 |
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Term
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Definition
Microadenomas = less than 10 mm = asymptomatic
macroadenomas = 10 mm or more and can impinge on optic chiasm |
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Term
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Definition
Prolactin : gallactorrhea and hypogonadism
ACTH: Cushing's syndrome
GH: acromegaly or gigantism
visual field defects |
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Term
| What are primary CNS tumor symptoms |
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Definition
Headache= chief complaint
seizures = increased CP
nausea, vomiting |
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Term
| Localzing Symptoms: Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
Personality Changes
Intellectual Decline |
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Term
| Localzing Symptoms: Temporal Lobe |
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Definition
Seizures with auras: olfactory or taste
Deja vu or jamais vu |
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Term
| Localzing Symptoms: Parietal Lobe |
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Definition
Sensory/Motor deficits
spontaneous pain syndromes |
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Term
| Localzing Symptoms: occipital lobe |
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Definition
| Visual field defects visual agnosia |
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Term
| Localzing Symptoms: brainstem/cerebellum |
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Definition
| Ataxia, Nystagmus, Cranial nerve palsies |
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Term
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Definition
Radio surgery = Gamma knife or Cyber knife
- allows us to target certain tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Prognosis is poor
* new treatment approach using the polio virus to kill the certain cancer cells* |
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Term
| Types of chronic headaches |
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Definition
1.tension type = most common
2. migraine
3. cluster |
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Term
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Definition
activation of trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem
serotonin deficiency
dopamine excess
often unilateral = throbbing or pulsating |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms hours or days before headache
0 mood change, food cravings, stiff neck |
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Term
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Definition
minutes before the headache
visual= scintillations
sensory= pins and needles
motor= hemiplegic weakness |
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Term
| What are treatment options for migraines? |
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Definition
NSAIDS
vasoactive drugs
serotonin
dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
typical pt= middle aged-male
episodes of severe headaches in a certain time
usually unilateral periorbital and occur at night
*SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN IS HELPFUL FOR TREATMENT* |
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