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| The building blocks of matter. Made up of protons(positively charged) neutrons and electrons. |
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| Negative. In the outer shells. Only a certain amount of electrons can be found in any shell. all shell except the first can hold 8. an atom is most stable when the outer is full |
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| these are charged atoms, meaning there are either more electrons then protons or less electrons than protons, leaving the atom with a postivie or negative charge. In water an ion will disassociate and the molecule will separate into individually charged ions. |
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| This refers to the potential difference between two charges, at two locations. There charges can potentially cause movements resulting in an electrical charge, Since nature tends towrs equilibrium, these charges will flow until they are equal. The attraction between negative and positive creates teh potential for an electric charge. |
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| The flow of electric charges |
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| charges are available but unable to move towards each other without some introduction of change. There is a store of potential energy avaiablee. |
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| electrical differences in charges moving across a membrane so that there is an alteration in the overall charge. this is the measurement of electrical current. |
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| The actual flow of electrons from a body that contains a higher charge to a lower charge |
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| An abrupt change in the flow of electrons. a large change in polarity of the membrane, but a very breif one, results. |
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| when there is a separation between negative and positive charges and equilibrium is not possible. |
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| equlibrium is possible, and so there is a movement from a positive to a negative or less positive charge, this can cause an action potential to be released if the change in polarity is great enough. |
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| Describes the relative difference in the concentration of a substance in two spatial locations |
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| a period during action potential , or depolarization, during which a new response cannot be elicited |
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| a full action potential moves across an entire axon |
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| no charge and is in the nucleus |
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| Positive charge and is in the nucleus |
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| inner most holds two the rest can hold eight and it is most stable when the outer is full |
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| are codes for biochemical actions and reactions.The DNA sequences of which they are composed determine the pattern of amino acids in every protien made by the body. |
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| Both members are identical( alleles would be both dominant or recessive like BB or bb) |
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| Both members on the autosome are different |
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| Affected parent is Dd, non effected parent is dd, possible combinations Dd or dd, meaning 50% chance will be affected. this type of inheritence generally occurs later in life. |
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| Both parents carry recessive trait Dd and Dd but do not have the disease. There is a 25% chance there child will have the disease(dd) ad an additonal 50% chance they will just carry is. This type occurs early in life. |
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| here the two genetic pulls create a third , intermediate alternative( mulatto, child with wavy hair who has one parent with curls and anothr with straight) |
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| sex or X- linked inheritance |
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| Women have one x but men have two so no matter what men will display the full syndrome on an x linked disease. if it is dominant or recessive only applies to females. Males can only trasmit this disease to there daughter/ Generally women pass it on ( color blindness, baldness) |
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| some disease are housed in one specific gene other have sever loci. this is the case here. This causes variation in the presentation of the disease. |
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| occurs during meiosis causes chromosomal or genetic alterations, which will affect development and will be inherited by progeny. occur in isolated populations, that do not commigle. |
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| A fatty lipoprotien sheath produced by oligodendrocytes. It is found wrapped around the axons, it protects the axon and speeds the conduction of nerve mpulses. |
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| provide the structural matrix surrounding and supporting neuron cell bodies in the CNS |
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| produce and maintain the myelin sheath |
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| perform scavenger functions, and media the brain's immune response to injury or infection |
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| cells are found lining the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord and are responsible for the production of CSF |
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| most common type of transmittter in the brain |
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| The primary neurotransmitter for action of skeletal/smooth muscles |
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| oxytocins-positive feelings,lactations |
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| substance that fills the cell in between the organelles. |
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| interruptions in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs |
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| organelles consisting of a membrane structure that encloses a quantum of neruotransmitter. |
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| Absolute refractory period |
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| - the period of unresponsiveness during the passage of an AP across a nerve cell membrane, when that part of the membrane becomes incapable of responding to another stimulus. Lasts approximately 0.8 ms. |
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| - cations are positively charged particles, anions are negatively charged. |
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| propagation of an action potential at successive nodes of Ranvier; saltatory means "jumping" or "dancing" |
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| Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a single neurotransmitter; cell bodies are located in a nucleus in the brainstem and axons are distributed through a wide region of the brain. |
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| small voltage fluctuation in the cell membrane restricted to the vicinity on the axon where ion concentrations change to cause a brief increase (hyperpolarization) or decrease (depolarization) in electrical charge across the cell membrane |
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| process at the end of a developing axon that reaches out to search for a potential target or to sample the intercellular environment. |
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| the cells divide. From here they migrate up to the marginal zone to receive DNA, and then come back down to the ventricular zone to divide again |
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| Cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) |
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| a chemical molecule to which specific cells can adhere, thus aiding in migration. |
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| embryonic and before birth Month 3-9 |
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| cell that results from union of sperm and egg in fertilization Day 2-7 |
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| first three months following conception Day 8-60 |
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| cell reaches up from ventricular zone through the cell nucleus to the marginal zone, where it receives its DNA |
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| a class of compounds that signal cells to develop in particular ways |
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| a chemical compound that acts to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons and may act to keep certain neurons alive in adulthood. |
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| 'From inside out" cortical maturation |
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| the inner, deeper layers of the cortex develop first, and the cells migrate to the outer layers through the inner layers. |
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| one egg and one sperm turns into two cells. When this doubles and doubles and doubles its mitosis |
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| hallowed out ball in the zygote stage. |
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| Action potential/depolarization |
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| - buildup of electrical current in the neuron. Depolarization means that the inside of the cell has become less negative than at rest relative to the outside of the cell. A large, brief reversal in the polarity of an axon. |
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| Depolarization vs. Polarization - |
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| depolarization means the difference in charges becomes less, polarization means the difference in charges increases. |
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