Term
| absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
| There is a limit to the rate at which a neuron can generate action potentials. The max firing frequency is about 1000 Hz and once an action potential is initiated, it is impossible to initiate another for about 1 msec which is what this time period is. |
|
|
Term
| Relative refractory period |
|
Definition
| It can be relatively difficult to initiate another action potential for several milliseconds after the absolute refractory period because the amount of current required to depolarize the neuron to action potential threshold is elevated above normal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Action potentials: - Rapid reveral of membrane polarity
a fluctuation of the membrane potential caused by rapid opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels spike, nerve impulse or discharge sweep like a wave along axons to transfer info from one place to another in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Action potentials - All-or-none event
- Always will look alike and is irreversible
- It WILL move to the end of the axon
- Nondecremental - if you take a probe and measure the size and shape of the amplitude- they will always look alike
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There are fewer sodium channels in the axon hillock Need a good signal to depolarize this area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The person who was a german neuroscientist that invented the patch-clamp method this method studies individual channel proteins records ionic currents through single channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "inactivated" when they are closed and locked when the membrane acquires a positive membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The potassium selective ion channels of axons, so called because they change the potassium conductance with a delay after a voltage step. The name is used to denote any axon like K channel. Various roles for example regulation of pacemaker potentials, generation of bursts of action potentials or generation of long plateaus on action potentials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
happens when sodium channels open and the membrane is depolarized - always the same, the amplitude does not change fundamental change is the change in membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another person who helped with the patch-clamp method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excitatory postsynaptic potential a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane potential by the action of a synaptically released neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends on the behavior of the TWO types of channels. sodium channels inactivate and then the potassium channels open (rush out of the cell causing the membrane potential to be negative again) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
takes into account the membrane potentials of all three - the relative permeability Vm = 61.54 mV log (Pk[K+]o + PNa[Na+]/Psame with in on the bottm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whenthe membrane is more negative than originally - same thing as the undershoot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
like the sodium channels when the membrane becomes strongly depolarized the membranehas to become sufficiently negative to deinactivate the channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A change in the postsynaptic membrane potential by the action of a synaptically released neurotransmitter, making the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire action potentials has to do with Cl- = brings the membrane otential away from threshold for generating action potentials excitatory is NA+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a disease of northern europeans you don't see it near the equator - not a lot of sunlight? vitamin d deficiency as a child? considered an autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps to speed conduction in axons the resistance is reduced to increase the velocity cns: oligodendrocyte pns: schwann cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the equilibrium potential for an ion that can be calculated using the nernst equaiton does not require knowledge of the selectivity or the permeability of the membrane for the ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the saltatory conductions occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rush of sodium into the cell hyperpolarizes it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also known as the Na+/K+ pump, sodium-potassium pump The Na+/K+-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, avail transport and regulate cellular volume.[ In order to maintain the cell potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the cell (intracellular). Outside of the cells (extracellular), there are high concentrations of sodium and low concentrations of potassium, so diffusion occurs through ion channels in the plasma membrane. In order to keep the appropriate concentrations, the sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium out and potassium in through active transport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where there may be many cells whose stimulus may not have been that strong the signals are added together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
with time stimulation by one presynaptic neuron sends signals and will create an EPSP spread from one synapse to the trigger zone the postsynaptic neuron fires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane potential at which enough colgate-gated sodium channels open so that the relativ ionic permability of the membrane favors sodium over potassium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane-forming pore that is permeable to ions and gated by depolarization of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dendrodendritic adj. Of or relating to a relatively uncommon type of synapse (1) between the dendrite of one neuron and the dendrite of another. It does not generate nerve impulses but alters the receptivity of the target neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axoaxonic /axo·ax·on·ic/ (ak?so-ak-son´ik) referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the axon of another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ionotropic and metabotropic receptors |
|
Definition
| react to ligands or g proteins (metabolic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. |
|
|
Term
| After the Calmodulin is affected by Ca2... this phosphorylates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What pinches off the vesicle when it comes back in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what coats the vesicle when it is pinching in again - reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An electrical charge (hyperpolarisation) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more difficult for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electrical change (depolarisation) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neurone caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neurone to generate an action potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphorylates the receptor at multiple sites and blocks the G protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of g protein that is for stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of g protein that inhibits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of g protein that is for memory and learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ionotropic and metabotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits senaptobrevin which is a type of v snare. this means that the vesicle can't connect |
|
|
Term
| nocotinic AchR is a part of what channel family? |
|
Definition
| the pentameric ligand-gated channel family |
|
|
Term
| phosphoprotein phosphatase |
|
Definition
| Phosphoprotein phosphatase is an enzyme which dephosphorylates certain phosphorylated proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graded potential n. A depolarization or hyperpolarization of a neuron that varies in amplitude according to the intensity of stimulation and that does not produce a conventional nerve impulse or action potential but is itself conducted passively along the axon as a nerve signal, declining with time and distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A neuropeptide is any of the variety of peptides found in neural tissue; e.g. endorphins, enkephalins. Now, about 100 different peptides are known to be released by different populations of neurons in the mammalian brain. Neurons use many different chemical signals to communicate information, including neurotransmitters, peptides, cannabinoids, and even some gases, like nitric oxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something to do with GABA? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the activity of NMDA with Glutamine receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a competitive antagonist for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It is classified as an anticholinergic drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Curare is an example of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (aka, competitive antagonist) which blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A substance that mimics a specificneurotransmitter, is able to attach to that neurotransmitter's receptor and thereby produces the same action that theneurotransmitter usually produces. Drugs are often designed as receptor agonists to treat a variety of diseases and disorders whenthe original chemical substance is missing or depleted. [image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses.[ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is located in the arcuate nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
everywhere, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and the basal ganglia |
|
|
