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- Floor plate proteins and roof plate proteins
- Bmp proteins are growth factors
Based on these events, the spinal cord isdivided into alar (dorsal) and basal (ventral) plates. - The ventrally located ones are motor
- The dorsal ones are sensory
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axoplasmic transport from a neuron's soma to the axon terminal material walks down microtubules with "legs" of inesin fueled by ATP |
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| a glial cel in the brain that supports neurons and regulates the extracellular ionic and chemical environment |
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| a neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses or action potentials normally away from the soma |
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a branch of the axon a recurrent axon is one that comes back to communicate with the original cell |
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| a swelling of the axon where it joins the soma |
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| the end region of an axon usually a site of synaptic contact with another cell: also called a TERMINAL BOUTON of PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL |
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the movement of amterial down the axon can be fast or slow |
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Based on these events, the spinal cord isdivided into alar (dorsal) and basal (ventral) plates. - The ventrally located ones are motor
- The dorsal ones are sensory
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there are two neurites (axon and dendrites) some can be multipolar too |
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[image][image]a signaling protein that is for growth differentiates the floor plate and the roof plate |
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discovered that soaking the brain tissue in a silver chromate solution, the golgi stain, a small percentage of neurons became darkly colored and revealed the neuronal cell body shows that neurons have at least 2 distinct parts, the cell nucleus and the tubes that radiate away from the central region |
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The dissolution or disintegration of chromophil material, such as chromatin, within a cell. chromophil: Readily stained with dyes. Used of a cell or cell structure. Central chromatolysis (Axonal reaction): When the axon of a neuron is cut or damaged, the axon and its myelin sheath undergo degeneration distal to the lesion (Wallerian degeneration). The sequence of events that takes place in the cell body is known as central chromatolysis or axonal reaction.
- a) The cell body swells.
b) The Nissl bodies disperse and move peripherally.
c) The nucleus is displaced peripherally in the cell.
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| a neurite specialized to reveive synaptic inputs from other neurons |
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| a thin tube extending from a neuronal cell body: axons and dendrites |
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a small sac of membrane that protrudes from the dendrites of some cells and receives synaptic input A dendritic spine is a small membranous protrusion from the central stalk of a dendrite that is typically electrophysiologically active and synapses with a single axon. Typically, spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the stalk of the dendrite. Spiny dendritic stalks host tens of thousands of spines, so because each individual spine typically synapses with a reciprocal axon, a spiny dendrite could receive a multitude of signals whereas a traditional dendrite would receive very few.[image] |
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| all of the dendrites of a specific neuron |
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| the layer that will become the skin and the nerves (the neural crest cells and the enural tube) |
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| a type of glial cell that provides the lining of the brain's ventricular system |
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| a macroglia that is in mylenated regions - have more neurofibrils in the cells |
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| a neural tube structure that separates the left and right components of the basal plate. Derived from the notochord during neurulation, it is a ventralizing structure, secreting Sonic hedgehog and aiding in the development of the dorsal-ventral axis of the brainstem and spinal cord. |
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a support cell in the nervous system glia are classified into 4 categories: astrocyte, oligodendroglia, schwann cells and microglia. astrocytes regulate the extracellular encironment of the brain, oligodendroglia and schwann cells provide myelin and microglia scavenge debris |
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| A nerve cell having a long axon that leaves the gray matter of the central nervous system, of which it forms a part. |
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A nerve cell having a short axon that ramifies in the gray matter of the central nervous system. ramify: To send out branches or subordinate branchlike parts |
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| Between fascicles or bundles; as, the interfascicular spaces of connective tissue |
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| Their main function is the insulation of the axons exclusively in the central nervous system of the higher vertebrates, a function performed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. |
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| smooth brain, is a rare brain formation disorder characterized by the lack of normal convolutions (folds) in the brain. It is caused by defective neuronal migration, the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to their permanent location. It is a form of cephalic disorder. |
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| a type of glial cell that acts as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia constitute 20% of the total glial cell population within the brain. Unlike astrocytes, individual microglia are distributed in large non-overlapping regions throughout the brain and spine.[1] Microglia are constantly moving and analyzing the CNS for damaged neurons, plaques, and infectious agents.[2] |
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| if there are three or more neurites from a neuron - most are multipolar in the brain |
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| the sprials around axons in the brain by oligodendroglial cells and schwann cells to insulate |
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| general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. |
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| a subtype of stem cell. When dividing, the neuroepithelial cell undergos a proliferative division producing two identical cells. After this division, the daughter cells produce another identical daughter cell as well as a non-stem-cell progenitor or a neuron by asymmetric divisions. |
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| are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. Neurons are the core components of the brain, and spinal cord in vertebrates and ventral nerve cord in invertebrates, and peripheral nerves. |
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| he now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. The theory was first proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal and completed by the eminent Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz in the late 19th century. It holds that neurons are discrete cells (not connected in a meshwork), which are metabolically distinct units with cell bodies (somata), axons, and dendrites. |
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a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are rough endoplasmic reticulum (with ribosomes) and are the site of protein synthesis. |
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| the gaps (about 1 micrometer in diameter) formed between myelin sheath cells along axons or nerve fibers. |
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a variety of neuroglia. Their main function is the insulation of the axons exclusively in the central nervous system of the higher vertebrates, a function performed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. aka oligodendrocyte |
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| the outer nuclear layer they form a network around the rod- and cone-fibrils, and unite to form the external limiting membrane (or outer limiting membrane) at the bases of the rods and cones. |
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| an enclosing or separating amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell. It is, almost invariably, a lipid bilayer, composed of a double layer of lipid-class molecules, specifically phospholipids, with occasional proteins intertwined, some of which function as channels. |
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| the layers of the neural tube that contain cellular extensions? |
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| The soma, or perikaryon, is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus. It is also known as the cell body. |
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| to touch the vascular beds and function to help maintiain the BBB |
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an astrocyte that is in NMYLENATED regions fibrous is in mylenated regions |
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| a cell in the cerebellar cortex that projects an axon to the deep cerebellar nuclei |
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| a neuron characterized by a pyramid-shaped cell body and elongated dendritic tree: found in the cerebral cortex |
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| also called Bergmann glia, are a pivotal cell type in the developing central nervous system (CNS) involved in key developmental processes, ranging from patterning and neuronal migration to their newly described role as precursors during neurogenesis. The term 'radial glial cell' refers to their two major characteristics, their long radial processes extending from the ventricular zone (VZ) to the pial surface and their glial properties, such as the content of glycogen granules or the expression of the astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter or the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Notably, recent evidence demonstrates that radial glial cells characterized by long radial processes and astroglial properties constitute the majority of precursors during neurogenesis. Indeed, all radial glial cells divide throughout neurogenesis and give rise to the majority of projection neurons in the cerebral cortex. |
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"Using postulated that the nervous system is made up of billions of separate neurons and that these cells are polarized. rather than forming a continuous web, he suggested that the neurons communicate with each other via specialized junctions called synapses, became the basis of the neuron doctrine that the individual unit of the nervous system is the neuron. |
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a specialized protein that detects chemical signals such as neurotransmitters and intiatited a cellular response or a specialized cell that detects encironmental stimuli and generates neural responses |
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| axoplasmic transport from an axon terminal to the soma |
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| the roof plate of the neural tube that secretes BMP |
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| a type of macroglia that is close to cell membranes and lean up agains neurons - don't know what they do |
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| are a variety of glial cell that mainly provide myelin insulation to axons in the peripheral nervous system of jawed vertebrates. |
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| sonic hedgehog that is secreted by the floor plate |
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| the central region of the neuron containing the nucleus, also called the cell body or perikaryon |
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| Any of the embryonic epithelial cells that give rise to the neuroglia |
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a neuron that is characterized by a radial starlike distribution of dendrites a golgi type II that will go the the surrounding areas |
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separates the alar plate from the basal plate [image] |
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| the region of contact where a neuron transfers information to another cell |
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| the region separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes of neurons |
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a membrane-enclosed structure about 50nm in diameter, containing neurotransmitter and fouhnd a thte site of the synaptic contact [image] |
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| special cell in the ependyma lining the third ventricle in the brain; the function is unknown. |
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| only one neurite that extends from the soma |
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| vascular" means "related to blood vessels", which are part of the Circulatory system. An organ or tissue that is vascularized is heavily endowed with blood vessels and thus richly supplied with blood. |
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| f a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, the part distal to the injury (i.e. the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell nucleus) will degenerate, in a process known as Wallerian degeneration.[1] Wallerian Degeneration occurs after axonal injury in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central Nervous System (CNS). It occurs at the distal stump of the site of injury and usually begins within 24 hours of a lesion. Prior to degeneration distal axon stumps tend to remain electrically excitable. After injury, the axonal skeleton disintegrates and the axonal membrane breaks apart. The axonal degeneration is followed by degradation of the myelin sheath and infiltration by macrophages. The macrophages, accompanied by Schwann cells, serve to clear the debris from the degeneration.[2][3] |
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