Term
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Definition
| hills found on outer surface of cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| valleys found on outer surface of cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Folding increases surface area and therefore increases potential for neural networks
lower mammals have smoother surfaces |
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Term
Parts of the Brain house in the
ROSTRAL FOSSA |
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Definition
Telecephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Cranial nerves: I and II (optic chiasm)
Ventricles: Lateral ventricles, Third ventricle, Mesoncephalic aqueduct |
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Term
Parts of the Brain house in the
CAUDAL FOSSA |
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Definition
Metencephaon
Myencephalon (Medulla oblongata which is: Majority of cranial nerves, III-XII)
Fourth ventricle (choroid plexus) |
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Term
| Major Anatomical Divisions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
forebrain
includes: Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
forebrain
includes: Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, olfactory |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, olfactory |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus |
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Term
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Definition
All sensory information aside from olfaction converges in thalamus
Split into clusters of cells (nuclei) receiving sensory input and corresponding to various parts of cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
All sensory information aside from olfaction converges in thalamus
Split into clusters of cells (nuclei) receiving sensory input and corresponding to various parts of cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
controls ANS and neuroendocrine secretion
essential for HOMEOSTASIS |
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Term
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Definition
controls ANS and neuroendocrine secretion
essential for HOMEOSTASIS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dura matter folds into Longitudinal fissure between hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| dura mater folds into Transverse fissure between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| Dura mater Around the stalk of the pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
Enlargement of the subarachnoid space: increased distance between pia and arachnoid
Space between caudal surface of cerebellum and dorsal surface of brain stem |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters related to Seizures |
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Definition
Glutamate, aspartate – primary excitory transmitter
GABA, glycine - primary inhibitory transmitter |
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Term
| Extracranial causes of sezuire |
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Definition
Disturbances of homeostasis or metabolism affecting the function of body and brain
Metabolic
Toxic
Hypoglycaemia: Pancreatic tumour (insulinoma) or Physiological hypoglycaemia (Working dogs after excessive exercise, Stressed puppies)
Hepatic encephalopathy: Portosystemic shuts small animals or Toxaemias larger animals
Electrolyte imbalances: Hypernatraemia (“salt poisoning” pigs), Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesamia (“grass staggers” cattle)
Hypoxia: Anaesthetic accidents
Hyperlipidaemia: Inherited condition Miniature Schnauzer
Hyperthermia: Heat stroke |
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Term
| Intracranial causes of seizure |
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Definition
Structural – focal or generalised
Brain tumours
Head trauma
Congenital: hydrocephalus
Functional – generalised (can be focal)
Inflammatory disease
Immune mediated
Infectious |
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Term
| The Cells of Nervous tissue |
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Definition
Neurons (nerve cells)
Neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia)
Ependymal (specialized epithelium) |
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Term
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Definition
Cell Body (has dendrites)
Axon
Axon Terminal
Multi/Bi/Uni/Pseudouni-polar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neurons (merkle, pacinian, nociceptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Purkinje and pyramidal cells |
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Term
| Grey matter of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
Outer Rim of brain and external nuclei
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, astrocytes
neurons arranged in specific layers |
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Term
| White matter of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
myelinated axons
oligodendrocytes
Microglia |
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Term
| Grey Matter of Spinal Cord |
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Definition
Internal 'butterfly'
cell bodies and dendrites
sensory input - afferent
interneurons
motor output - efferent
connects to ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) white matter |
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Term
| White matter of Spinal Cord |
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Definition
outer layer
tracks of myelinated axons
arranged into specific faniculli |
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Term
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Definition
star shaped morphology
protoplasmic (grey) and fibrous (white)
involved in BBB |
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Term
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Definition
found mainly in white matter
smaller than astrocytes
produce myelin around axon |
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Term
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Definition
ovoid shape
change morphology upon activation
resident immune cells
remove debris, bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
gaps in myelin sheaths along axon
rich in ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
Thick, tough connective tissue
outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Tough CT surrounding bundle |
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Term
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Definition
Loose delicate CT
Surrounds each axon |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
in Choroid Plexus
Cuboidal or columnar epithelial
– Line the vesicles of brain and spinal cord
– Ciliated to regulate CSF movement and turnover |
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Term
| Ionotropic Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
NICOTINIC
Has a ligand binding site
Ligand modulates opening probability and ion flux
E.g GABA |
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Term
| Metabotropic Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
MUSCARINIC
Has a ligand binding site
Couples to a G-protein
Production of 2nd messenger modulates ion channels
Alters opening probability
e.g acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
Simple amino acid
Principal excitatory transmitter in CNS
Glutamate release from presynatic terminal |
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Term
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Definition
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Relatively abundant in the brain
Generated by the conversion of glutamate by GAD |
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Term
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Definition
removal of carboxy groups of certain amino acids generates biogenic amines
Most act via metabotropic receptors
One class is the catecholamines: Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
Other groups include: Serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholinergic neurons important in cognition |
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Term
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Definition
NO
Lipid soluble free radical
No receptor, passes membrane by diffusion
Short acting |
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Term
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Definition
Pain relief
Most have G-protein coupled receptors
Powerful analgesic (200 X morphine)
Endorphins and dynorphins also relieve pain |
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Term
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Definition
aggregations of upper motor neuron nerve fibres that travel from the cerebral cortex and are involved in control of motor functions of the body
Cortico-spinal |
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Term
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Definition
a neural network that is part of the motor system causing involuntary movements
Reticulo-spinal
Vestibulo-spinal
Rubro-spinal
Tecto-spinal |
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Term
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Definition
| “old” tract, basic instincts (startle reaction), postural, initiates locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Input from vestibular apparatus and cerebellum. Mainly postural acting on extensors |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts mainly on flexors, postural |
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Term
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Definition
| Input from vision and hearing, acts on cervical vertebrae, orientates head |
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Term
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Definition
Required for fine, skilled movement.
Degree of cross-over varies between species – in dogs it is 100%, in ungulates 50%.
Fibres terminate on inter-neurones in the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
Limbic System
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum
Motor Cortex
Spinal cord/movement |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulation will cause movement
Origin of the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract
New system - lacking in birds and reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
Out to: Pons, Spinal Cord, Reticular formation, Red nucleus, vestibular nuclei, basal nuclei, Thalamus
In from: Cerebellum, Thalamus |
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