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| Consists of nerve roots and rootlets. Supplies the legs. End of the spinal cord. Around the level of L1/L2. |
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| Allows communication between parts of the limbic system. Runs from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex. |
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| Extension of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres. In the central (or longitudinal medial) fissure. |
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| Between the precentral and postcentral gyri, also separates the frontal and parietal lobes. |
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| Lateral - large lobe anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus. Medial - lobe anterior to a line drawn from the central sulcus down to the corpus callosum. |
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| Lateral - posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus (and a backward extension of it), and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch. Medial - posterior to the frontal lobe and anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus. |
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| Lateral - inferior to the lateral sulcus (and a line extending the lateral sulcus posteriorly) and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch. Medial - the temporal lobe extends from the temporal pole, to a line drawn between the preoccipital notch and the anterior end of the calcarine sulcus. |
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| Lateral - posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch. Medial - posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus. |
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| Sensory. Nuclei - anterior olfactory nucleus. Transmits sense of smell from the nasal cavity. Located in the olfactory foramina of the cribiform plate. |
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| Sensory. Nuclei - ganglion cells of retina. Transmits visual signals from the retina to the brain. Located in the optic canal. |
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| Mainly motor. Nuclei - trochlear nucleus. Innervates superior oblique muscle for movement of the eye. Located in superior orbital fissure. |
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| Both sensory and motor. Nuclei - principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus. Receives sensation from the face and innervates muscles of mastication. Opthalmic nerve (V1) is located in the superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve (V2) is located in foramen rotundum and mandibular nerve (V3) is located in foramen ovale. |
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| Mainly motor. Nuclei - abducens nucleus. Innervates lateral rectus which abducts the eye. Located in the superior orbital fissure. |
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| Both sensory and motor. Nuclei - facial nucleus, solitary nucleus and superior salivary nucleus. Provides innervation to the muscles of facial expression, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and stapedius muscle. Receives taste sensation from anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and supplies secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and lacrimal gland. Runs through the internal acoustic canal and into the facial canal, exiting at the stylomastoid foramen. |
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| Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) |
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| Mostly sensory. Nuclei - vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei. Vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium, cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing. Located in the internal acoustic canal. |
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| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) |
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| Both sensory and motor. Nuclei - nucleus ambiguus, inferior salivary nucleus and solitary nucleus. Receives taste from posterior 1/3rd of tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus. Located in the jugular foramen. |
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| Both sensory and motor. Nuclei - nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor vagal nucleus, solitary nucleus. Branchiomotor innervation to most pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles. Parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal viscera. Controls muscle for voice. Located in the jugular foramen. |
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| Mainly motor. Nuclei - hypoglossal nucleus. Motor innervation of the tongue and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing and speech formation (articulation). Located in the hypoglossal canal. |
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| Mainly motor. Nuclei - nucleus ambiguus, spinal accessory nucleus. Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Overlaps with functions of vagus nerve. Located in the jugular foramen. |
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| Mainly motor. Nuclei - oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Innervates muscles of the eye, providing most eye movements. Also innervates sphincter pupillae and the ciliary body. Located in the superior orbital fissure. |
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| The insula is normally hidden. To see it, cut away the temporal, frontal and parietal opercula, shown in the box, that overhang the insula. |
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| Forms the rind but there is also a number of deep grey matter structures. Consists of neurons, cell processes, synapses and their support cells. |
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| Consists of axons and their support cells. White matter tracts include: Corpus Callosum; Cingulum; Short Association Fibres; Superior Longitudinal Fasiculus; Inferior Longitudinal Fasiculus; Internal Capusule; Anterior Commissure. |
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| Mass of grey matter. Consists of putamen and globus pallidus. Found laterally to the internal capsule. |
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| Mass of grey matter. Consists of putamen and globus pallidus. Found laterally to the internal capsule. |
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| Head and body form the floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles. Tail forms the roof of the inferior horn. Primarily involved in the control of voluntary movement. |
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| Relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness. Surrounds the 3rd ventricle. |
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8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal |
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Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII) |
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| Type of commissural fibre. Large white matter tract in the brain. Connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Posterior part - splenium. Anterior part - genu. Connecting part - body. |
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Lateral ventricle.
Third ventricle.
Fourth ventricle. |
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| Three types: arcuate, superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum. |
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| Type of association fibre. Numerous short bundles of fibres which connect adjacent gyri. |
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| Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus |
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| Type of association fibre. Run anterior to posterior. Connect parts of the frontal lobe to the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. |
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| Type of association fibre. Long longitudinal bundle, connects the cingulate gyrus, temporal lobe and septal area. |
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| White matter tracts include: corpus callosum; anterior commissure. |
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| Type of commissural fibre. Found posterior to the rostrum of the corpus callosum. Provides extra communication between the hemispheres. |
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| Consists of an anterior limb, genu, posterior limb and a retrolentiform part. Connect the cortex with the brain stem and spinal cord. At its superior end fans out to virtually all parts of the cortex, known as the corona radiata. |
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| Produce the myelin sheath. |
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| Found in the dorsal root ganglion (and trigeminal nerve). |
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| Found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (and some cranial nerve nuclei). |
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| Houses most of the cells related to the cranial nerves. |
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| Attempt to map the areas of the cerebral cortex. Derived from areas with similar cytoarchitecture (coincidentally areas also had similar functions). |
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| Loss of hippocampus. Suffered anterograde amnesia for long-term episodic memory, and retrograde amnesia for long-term episodic memory for the years prior to surgery. |
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