Term
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Definition
-sensory fiber
-associated motor neuron
-resultant involuntary musculoskeletal contraction involved in a spinal reflex |
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| cervical and lumbar enlargements |
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Definition
| sections of the spinal cord that serve (respectively) the upper and lower extremities |
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Definition
pial-glial filament
anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx |
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Term
| spinal cord segment C2 & C3 |
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Definition
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Definition
| lateral forearm and thumb |
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Definition
| ulnar side of hand and little finger |
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| lateral foot and little toe |
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Definition
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Definition
neuron cell bodies
dendrites
synapses
found in gray matter |
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Term
| where is the lateral horn found? |
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Definition
| the intermediate gray zone in the gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2,3 |
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Term
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Definition
aka sensory horn
contains interneurons
receives synapses from central processes of dorsal root ganglion cells |
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Definition
| a region of the dorsal horn that receives pain and temperature fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| aka dorsolateral fasciculus; a small piece of white matter that is related to the substantia gelatinosa; contains axons carrying pain and temperature one of two segment higher |
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Definition
| constitutes the bulk of the posterior (dorsal) horn; contains interneurons that receive higher sensitivity signals from dorsal root ganglia |
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Term
| what are the intermediolateral cell column neurons? |
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Definition
| aka lateral horn; located in intermediate gray zone; neurons that give origin to preganglionic sympathetic fibers |
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Definition
| located in the ventral horn; aka lower motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for innervation of muscle spindles for the muscle stretch reflex; located in ventral horn |
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Term
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Definition
| columns of white matter mass within the spinal cord; includes dorsal, lateral, and anterior funiculi |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller bundles of axons that are subdivisions of funiculi (column) white matter in the spinal cord; aka tracts; included long ascending fibers, long descending fibers, and propriospinal fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| carry sensory information projecting from spinal cord to thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| carry motor information to spinal cord from cerebral cortex, brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
| the location of cell bodies to which sensory information is brought; contains cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons and sensory receptors |
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Term
| pseudounipolar sensory neurons |
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Definition
| located in the dorsal root ganglion; divided into two processes: the peripheral process and the central process |
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Term
| peripheral process of pseudounipolar sensory neuron |
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Definition
| extends to sensory receptors or ends as free nerves in the periphery of the dorsal root ganglion; carries sensory information to the cell body (pseudounipolar neuron) |
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Term
| central process of the pseudounipolar sensory neuron |
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Definition
| enters the spinal cord to synapse with cells within the dorsal horn of the spinal gray matter; functions as an axon carrying information from the pseudounipolar sensory neuron to the synaptic ending in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a spinal tract (white matter) that interconnects various spinal cord levels and that functions in coordination of reflex activity |
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Term
| how are discriminative touch and proprioception relayed? |
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Definition
| via large diameter, heavily myelinated, rapidly conducting dorsal root ganglion cells; these cells have an axon collateral that ascends in the dorsal white column to higher levels |
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Term
| how are pain and temperature relayed? |
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Definition
| via small diameter, thinly-myelinated/non-myelinated, slow-conducting dorsal root ganglion cells that synapse with interneurons in the dorsal horn |
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Term
| What two types of fibers arise from the anterior (ventral) horn? |
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Definition
| Alpha motor neurons (skeletal muscle innervation) and gamma motor neurons (muscle spindle innervation) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the axons of motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system located? |
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Definition
| In the intermediolateral cell column of the intermediate gray of spinal cord segments T1-L2,3 |
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Term
| three spinal reflexes involving the limbs |
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Definition
1. muscle stretch (deep tendon) reflex
2. Golgi tendon organ reflex (inverse stretch)
3. Flexor withdrawal reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| the receptor in the muscle involved in the muscle stretch reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| i.e. the muscle stretch reflex; one synapse is involved |
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Term
| primary somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus, areas 3,1,2; receives projections from the thalamus. Damage results in sensory loss on contralateral side |
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Term
| somatosensory association area |
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Definition
| superior parietal lobule, areas 5 and 7, integrates somatosensory inputs to recognize body parts and position. Damage results in inability to recognize objects by touch, astereogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| occipital lobe, area 17. Lesion results in loss of vision in contralateral visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
| areas 18, 19. Interpreting visual impressions and integrating visual inputs with other sensory inputs, i.e. seeing colors and detecting motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the temporal lobe at the transverse gyri of Heschl, area 41. Bilateral lesions result in deafness. Unilateral lesion produces difficulty localizing sounds and distinguishing sounds from background noise. Hearing deficits mainly in contralateral ear. |
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Term
| Auditory association cortex |
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Definition
| area 22, superior temporal gyrus, understanding what is heard |
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Term
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Definition
| parietal and temporal lobes, areas 39, 40, 22 (auditory association). Damage in dominant cerebral hemisphere results in aphasia = difficulty understanding speech and producing speech that can be understood. |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior frontal gyrus, areas 44, 45 in dominant cerebral hemisphere. Lesions result in difficulty producing fluent sentences, telegraphic speech. |
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Term
| Dominant hemisphere for language |
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Definition
| left hemisphere for right-handed patient. Variable for left-handed patients |
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Term
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Definition
| precentral gyrus, area 4. Receives input from the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| 9,10,11,12. Anterior end of the frontal lobe. Higher intellectual capacities such as planning, ambition, drive, and personality. Lesion results in loss of ambition and personality |
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Term
| symptoms of cerebellar lesion |
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Definition
disequilibrium: inability to maintain proper balance
hypotonia: decreased muscle tone and difficulty maintaining posture
asynergia: lack of coordination of muscles which usually work together
ataxia: inability to coordinate voluntary movements
intention tremor: most apparent during a planned movement just prior to reaching the target
dysmetria: patient tends to overshoot or undershoot target |
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Term
| flocconodular lobe of cerebellum |
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Definition
| vestibulocerebellum; major inputs from vestibular system |
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Term
| anterior lobe of cerebellum |
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Definition
| spinocerebellum, major inputs from spinal cord |
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Term
| posterior lobe of cerebellum |
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Definition
| cerebrocerebellum/neocerebellum; inputs mainly from cerebral cortex via pons |
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Term
| inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| contains fibers entering the cerebellum, and outputs to medulla oblongata, vestibular nuclei, and reticular formation; attaches cerebellum to medulla oblongata |
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Term
| middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| contains fibers entering the cerebellum from the pons; attaches the cerebellum to the pons |
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Term
| superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| contains outputs of cerebellum to the red nucleus and VA/VL thalamus |
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Term
| deep cerebellar nuclei (4) |
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Definition
| 1. fastigial nucleus 2. globose nucleus 3. emoboliform nucleus 4. dentate nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
originate from neurons in spinal cord, reticular formation, vestibular system, and pons;
Synapse with granule cells;
send collateral axons to deep cerebellar nuclei neurons;
excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
| originate from neurons in the inferior olive; synapse mainly on dendrites of Purkinje cells in the molecular layer; send collateral axons to deep cerebellar nuclei neurons; excitatory |
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Term
| Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
| located next to surface of cerebellum under the pia mater; large bundles of parallel fibers and dendrites of the Purkinje cells |
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Term
| Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
| monolayer of Purkinje cell bodies; dendrites of purkinje cells spread out in the molecular layer where they receive excitatory synapses from parallel fibers and climbing fibers; Purkinje cell axons leave the cerebellar cortex to synapse on deep cerebellar nuclei neurons; all inhibitory |
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Term
| Granular layer of cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
| contains granule cells whose axons form the parallel fibers which run in the molecular layer and synapse on dendrites of Purkinje cells; parallel fibers are excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
| lies close to the midline of the cerebellum; receives inputs from the Purkinje cells of the vermis, vestibular nuclei, and vestibular ganglion cells. Output mainly to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation. Concerned with extensor muscle tone and adjusting posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of several small groups of grey matter found lateral to the fastigial nucleus; receives input from Purkinje cells in intermediate zone; Output to red nucleus mainly, also to VA/VL thalamus; concerned with flexor muscle tone and limb movements |
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Term
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Definition
| wedge-shaped, grey matter found lateral to globose nucleus. Has the same inputs, outputs and functions as the globose nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| largest and most laterally places of deep cerebellar nuclei. Receives most inputs from Purkinje cells located in the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. Output goes to red nucleus and VA/VL thalamus. Concerned with coordinating somatic motor activity by influencing motor regions of cerebral cortex. Coordinates finger movements and skilled movements. |
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Term
| petrous part of carotid artery |
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Definition
| where internal carotid artery enters the carotid canal in the temporal bone |
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Term
| cavernous part of internal carotid artery |
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Definition
| where artery runs anteriorly in the cavernous sinus before making a hair-pin turn to enter the subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| sinuous course taken by cavernous and cerebral parts of carotid artery; forms a U-shaped bend |
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Term
| branches of internal carotid artery |
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Definition
| opthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, lenticulostriate arteries and penetrating arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| the most important branch of the ophthalmic artery; obstruction of main artery or branches results in total or partial blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| -supplies medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain; occlusion causes restricted contralateral motor and somatosensory deficits usually limited to distal portions of the lower limb |
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Term
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Definition
supplies virtually the entire lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres;
supplies portions of basal ganglia and internal capsule and insula
occlusion causes major motor and somatosensory deficits, language deficits if left hemisphere is involved |
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Term
| lenticulostriate and penetrating arteries |
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Definition
very small branches of middle cerebral arteries that supply deep structures of the diencephalon and telencephalon;
frequently involved in strokes with neurological deficits |
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Term
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Definition
first branches off of subclavian arteries in neck;
S-shaped siphon before entering cranial cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the vertebral arteries which fuse to form the basilar artery |
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Term
| major branches of vertebral arteries |
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Definition
| anterior spinal arteries, posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, medullary branches |
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Term
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Definition
| each joins its mate from the other side and runs caadually along ventral midline of spinal cord; anastomose with radicular arteries |
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Term
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Definition
aka artery of Adamkiewicz;
present at spinal cord level T12 to L2;
may supply entire caudal two thirds of the spinal cord |
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Term
| posterior spinal arteries |
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Definition
| supplies posterior third of dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord on each side |
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Term
| posterior inferior cerebellar arteries |
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Definition
aka PICA,
-inferior surface of the cerebellar hemispheres
-branches to much of the lateral medulla |
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Term
| branches of basilar artery |
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Definition
| anterior inferior cerebellar artery, superior cerebellar artery, pontine artery, posterior cerebral arteries |
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Term
| anterior inferior cerebellar arteries |
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Definition
inferior surfaces of cerebellum
parts of caudal pons |
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Term
| superior cerebellar arteries |
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Definition
superior surface of cerebellum
much of caudal midbrain and rostral pons |
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Term
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Definition
| includes labrynthine artery: supplies inner ear |
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Term
| posterior cerebral arteries |
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Definition
portions of temporal lobe
medial aspect of occipital lobe (visual cortex)
posterior and lateral parts of thalamus and rostral midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
includes posterior communicating artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior communicating artery
anterior cerebral artery
-normal in less than 50% of people |
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Term
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Definition
-no valves, very thin walls
-pierce arachnoid mater and inner layer of dura
-includes great cerebral vein of Galen |
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Term
| symptoms of MCA occlusion |
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Definition
-contralateral facial and arm weakness, hemiplegia
-contralateral facial and arm sensory deficits
-homonymous hemianopsia
-conjugate deviation of eyes ipsilateral to side of lesion
-Wernicke's or Broca's aphasia
-may include apraxia if dominant lobe is affected |
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Term
| Anterior Cerebral artery occlusion |
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Definition
-contralateral leg weakness
-contralateral leg sensory deficits
-behavioral abnormalities |
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Term
| Posterior cerebral artery occlusion |
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Definition
-contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing
-contralateral hemiplegia due to damage of internal capsule
-ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy
-contralateral sensory loss |
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Term
| fasciculi of dorsal columns |
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Definition
fasciculus gracilius: lower limbs
fasciculus cuneatus: upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| axons from the cells of the dorsal column nuclei (gracilis and cuneatus) that ascend as the brainstem tract |
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Term
| ventral posterolateral nucleus |
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Definition
| where the fibers of the medial lemniscus carrying touch, vibration, and proprioceptive information synapse in the thalamus; responsible for conscious awareness of pain and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| impaired vibration sense, inability to determine limb position, impaired stereognosis, impaired two point tactile discrimination, shuffling uncoordinated gait, Romberg's sign (fall toward side of lesion) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary pathway for pain, temperature, and non-discriminative touch |
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Term
| destination of axons of spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| contralateral brainstem reticular formation and thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit non-conscious proprioception information about limb position, joint angles, and muscle tension and length to the cerebellum |
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Term
| dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
carries proprioceptive information from muscles spindles from the trunk and lower limbs;
use inferior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum; segments T1-L2 |
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Term
| ventral spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| -carries information from Golgi tendon organs; axons cross in anterior white commissure and ascend in the contralateral ventral spinocerebellar tract; recross in midbrain and enter ipsilateral cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle (2 crossings of axons) |
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Term
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Definition
dorsal root fibers from C2-T4;
synapse in lateral cuneate nucleus in medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| axons arise from cells in intermediate fray of C4-C8 |
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Term
| functions of basal ganglia |
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Definition
| planning, speed, motivation of movements; contributes to movements learned by repetition |
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Term
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
caudate + putamen; receiving portion
-excitatory input from cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
| putamen + globus pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
| receives organized inputs from primary motor and sensory cortical areas |
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Term
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Definition
| receives fibers from association cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| uses dopamine as a transmitter for communication with cortex, thalamus, and striatum |
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Term
| efferent output from basal ganglia to thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| output from thalamus to cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pronounced loss of dopamine in the striatum due to death of substantia nigra neurons;
akinesia (reduced initiation of movement)
bradykinesia
lack of facial movements
increased muscle resting tone
resting tremor
a HYPOKINETIC disorder |
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Term
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Definition
a HYPERKINETIC DISEASE
-loss of GABA neurons in striatum and frontal lobe of cortex
-rapid, involuntary movements of face, arms, legs
-rapid mental deterioration |
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Term
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Definition
| wild, flailing movements of arms and legs due to lesion in the subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary movements/tics and/or explosive inappropriate vocalizations
-dopamine-related condition in basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| connect various areas of cortex within the same hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connect distant areas of cortex; i.e. uncinate fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus |
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Term
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Definition
frontal to temporal
lobe connection |
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Term
| superior longitudinal fasciculus |
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Definition
| frontal, parietal and occipital cortices |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal and temporal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnect corresponding structures on either side of the neuraxis |
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Term
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Definition
| originate from cerebral cortex and project to outside targets |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from outside the cerebrum and project to the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a large compact bundle of projection fibers; v-shaped and divided into three parts: anterior, posterior, and genu |
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Term
| anterior limb of internal capsule |
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Definition
| between caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus; fibers interconnect anterior thalamic nuclei with areas of the frontal lobe and cingulate gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
| located at the intersection of anterior and posterior limbs; contains corticonuclear fibers that arise in the precentral gyrus and project to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves; lesions give rise to motor deficits of cranial nerves |
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Term
| posterior limb of internal capsule |
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Definition
| between thalamus and lenticular nucleus; corticospinal tracts arising from motor cortex and projecting to contralateral spinal cord; optic radiations |
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