Term
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Definition
| A layer of white matter on the ventricular surface of the hippocampus, mostly conveying efferents from this structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of nuclei in the anteromedial part of the temporal lobe, just beneath the uncus, forming the core of the two major limic circuits (the core of the other is the hippocampus). |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the inferior parietal lobule, formed by the cortex surrounding the upturned end of the superior temporal sulcus; although variable in size and shape, this region is IMPORTANT IN LANGUAGE FUNCTION. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the projection from the globus pallidus to the thalamus. It has fewer axons than the other part (the lenticular fasciculus). It forms a compact, conspicuous cable of myelinated fibers running beneath the internal capsule and hooking around its medial edge. P214 |
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Term
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Definition
| The more anterior of the two terminal branches of the internal carotid artery. It curves around the corpus callosum with branches supplying gyrus rectus and orbital gyri, the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes, and an adjoining narrow band of cortex along their superior surfaces. |
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Term
| Anterior choroidal artery |
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Definition
| A long, thin branch of the internal carotid artery that accompanies the optic tract and supplies many structures along the way: the optic tract, choroid plexus of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, part of the cerebral peduncle, deep regions of the internal capsule, and parts of the thalamus and hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
A small, sharply defined bundle of commissural fibers just beneath and behind the rostrum of the corpus callosum. Interconnects:
- olfactory structures as well as
- large fibers link the two temporal lobes.
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Term
| Anterior communicating artery |
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Definition
| A short vessel at the anterior end of the circle of Willis, interconnecting the two anterior cerebral arteries just anterior to the optic chiasm; common site of aneurysm formation. |
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Term
| Anterior corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| The smaller of the two corticospinal tracts. It consists of the fibers in each medullary pyramid that continue directly into the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord without decussating; many fibers eventually cross in the anterior white commissure of the cord before terminating, but some end ipsilaterally. Fibers end mainly in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord on spinal motor neurons or nearby interneurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major divisions of the spinal white matter, the others being the lateral and posterior funiculi. Located between the anterior median fissure and the exiting ventral roots. Contains various tracts (mostly descending), including the anterior corticospinal tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three general divisions of the spinal gray matter, the others being the posterior horn and the intermediate gray. Contains numerous local-circuit neurons, cell bodies of alpha motor neurons, axons of which enter the ventral(anterior) spinal nerve roots and end on skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| Anterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Definition
A long circumferential branch of the basilar artery arising just above the union of the two vertebral arteries. Supplies:
- Anterior regions of the inferior surface of the cerebellum, including flocculus,
- parts of the caudal pons.
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Term
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Definition
| A single midline vessel that originates rostrally as two arteries (one from each vertebral artery), which shortly join and t hen course within the anterior median fissure along the entire spinal cord. It receives additional blood from the thoracic/abdominal aorta through numerous anastomoses with radicular arteries. |
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Term
| Anterior spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| Crossed fibers from lumbosacral spinal gray matter, carrying mechanoreceptive and other information related to leg movement. Stays in a lateral position along the spinal cord and brainstem until the rostral pons, and there moves over the superior cerebellar peduncle and enters the cerebellum, where it largely recrosses. |
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Term
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Definition
| An umbrella term for the spinothalamic tract and closely related ascending fibers, all of which deal with pain, temperature, and to some extent, tactile/pressure sensation. Many do not reach the thalamus, ending instead at higher spinal levels or in brainstem sites, such as the retucular formation. |
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Term
| Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius) |
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Definition
| The narrow channel (remnant of the lumen of the embryonic mesencephalon) through the midbrain connecting the third and fourth ventricles. Serves only as a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid descending through the ventricular system. |
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Term
| Cerebral aqueduct lacks what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Stenosis or obstruction of this structure is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus. |
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Definition
| Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) |
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Term
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Definition
| The middle layer of the three layers of meninges, named for its cobweblike appearance. It is loosely adherent to the dura matter and connected to the pia matter by fine strands of connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| This space provides a route for the distribution of blood vessels and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid over the surface of the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small evaginations of the arachnoid membrane protruding through a hiatus in dural connective tissue into the lumen of a dural sinus of the brain (especially the superior sagittal sinus). Major but not exclusive sites of reabsorption of CSF into the venous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small region at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle where the ventricular walls join at the obex. This is one of several circumventricular organs of the brain where cerebral capillaries are fenestrated and allow free communication between the blood and brain extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumventricular area of the midbrain, thought to monitor the blood for toxins and to trigger vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mass of gray and white matter, straddling the anterior surface of the pons and filled with transversely and longitudinally coursing fibers. Looks like a bridge between the two cerebellar hemispheres, but in fact is a key link between the cerebrum and cerebellum. |
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Term
| Corticopontine fibers end in scattered pontine nuclei, which in turn do what? |
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Definition
| Give rise to pontocerebellar fibers that project across the midline and enter the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. |
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Term
| Basal vein (of Rosenthal) |
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Definition
| A deep cerebral vein whose tributaries drain the insula and some structures near the inferior surface of the forebran. Curves around the midbrain and joins the great cerebral vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large vessel formed by union of the two vertebral arteries. Runs upward along the anterior median surface of the pons and gives rise to many branches that supply the pons, superior surface of the cerebellum, and caudal midbrain. It bifurcates at the level of the midbrain into the two posterior cerebral arteries. |
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Term
| Branchium of the inferior colliculus |
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Definition
| Auditory afferents from the inferior colliculus on their way to the medial geniculate nucleus. |
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Term
| This colliculus sends auditory afferents to the medial geniculate nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Brachium of the superior colliculus |
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Definition
| Bundle of fibers that passes over the medial geniculate nucleus to reach the superior colliculus. Contains afferents from the retina directly to the superior colliculus and pretectal area, as well as projections from cerebral cortex to the superior colliculus and from the superior colliculus to the pulvinar. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Prominent deep cerebral infolding. It originates anteriorly in the temporal lobe near the splenium of the corpus callosum and continues posteriorly into the occipital lobe, where it terminates at the occipital pole. Upper and lower banks contain the primary visual cortex. |
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Term
| Cauda Equina - a collection of dorsal and bentral roots, ends at what level? |
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Definition
| About vertebral level L1-L2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more medial part of the striatum, bulging into the lateral ventricle with its large head in the wall of the anterior horn, tapering body immediately behind, and long slender tail running posteriorly into the atrium and then anteriorly into the inferior horn. |
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Term
| Caudate nucleus is connected to? |
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Definition
| Principally connected with the prefrontal and other association areas of the cortex and is involved more in cognitive functions and less directly in movment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The narrow functionless vestige of the lumen of the spinal part of the embryonic neural tube, lined by ependyma and usually obstructed by epithelial debris. It runs the length of the spinal cord, contains traces of cerebrospinal fluid, and opens into the fourth ventricle at the obex of the medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anatomically and functionally important infolding of the cerebral hemisphere, beginning just medial to its superior border, proceeding over its superior margin, and descending obliquely forward almost to the lateral sulcus. Serves as the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes, and the transition zone between primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex, heterogeneous tract running centrally through each side of the brainstem reticular formation and providing a major highway through which reticular afferents and efferents are distributed. This tract contains major projections from the red nucleus to the inferior olivary nucleus, axons intrinsic to the reticular formation, and undoubtedly other types of fibers that are incompletely charted and understood. |
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Term
| This tract contains major projections from the red nucleus to the inferior olivary nucleus, axons intrinsic to the reticular formation, and undoubtedly other types of fibers that are incompletely charted and understood. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Efferent fibers from the deep cerebellar nuclei (mainly the dentate nucleus) passing via the superior cerebellar peduncle and its decussation through or around the contralateral red nucleus to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus for projection to motor areas of the cortex. Crucial for the planning and coordination of skilled volitional movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the cerebellum anterior to the primary fissure, partly vermis, partly hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, convoluted subdivision of the nervous system, that receives input from sensory systems, the cerebral cortex, and other sites and participates in the planning and coordination of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hemispheral component of the flocculonodular lobe, the part of the cerebellum particularly concerned with the vestibular system and eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| The large paired lateral parts, important for coordination of the limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vermal component of the flocculonodular lobe, the part of the cerebellum particularly concerned with the vestibular system and eye movements. |
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Term
| Cerebellum Posterior lobe |
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Definition
| All of the cerebellum (except for the flocculonodular lobe) posterior to the primary fissure (partly vermis, partly hemisphere). |
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Term
| Cerebellum Primary Fissure |
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Definition
| Separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A medial, inferior part of the posterior lobe hemisphere (cerebellum), adjacent to the medulla as it passes through the foramen magnum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most medial zone of the cerebellum, straddling the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A massive sheaf of tightly packed corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine, fibers traveling along the base of the midbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, grapevinelike, highly convoluted, vascularized strands in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles, in which most of the cerebrospinal fluid is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A broad belt of cortex partially encircling the corpus callosum. Forms the upper part of the limbic lobe and has extensive limbic connections, particularly in cortical circuits leading ultimately to or from the hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A more or less continuous, curved infolding of each cerebral hemisphere clearly demarcating the outer margin of the cingulate gyrus; posteriorly, a branch (marginal branch) ascends to the superior surface of the parietal lobe immediately behind the upper end of the central sulcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large subarachnoid cistern between the medulla and the inferior vermis. Also referred to as the cerebellomedullary cistern. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rounded group of large cell bodies in the intermediate spinal gray near the medial edge of the base of the posterior horn, from about T1 through L2 or L3. It is the origin of the posterior spinocerebellar tract, through which stretch receptor and other mechanoreceptive input from the leg reaches the ipsilateral cerebellar vermis and intermediate zone. |
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Term
| Origin of the posterior spinocerebellar tract, through which stretch receptor and other mechanoreceptive input from the leg reaches the ipsilateral cerebellar vermis and intermediate zone. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A thin but extensive layer of gray matter beneath the insula, separated from it and the underlying putamen by the extreme and external capsules respectively. Has reciprocal connections with cerebral cortex, but incompletely understood functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclei in which the primary auditory afferents of the cochlear nerve terminate. Project bilaterally to the superior olivary nucleus and into the lateral lemniscus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pointed caudal end of the spinal cord, at about vertebral level L1-L2, beyond which the pial covering of the spinal cord continues as the filum terminale, surrounded by the cauda equina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin for (hard body), A massive curvilinear bridge of commissural fibers, shaped in sagittal aspect like an overturned canoe. Interconnects most cortical areas of the two cerebral hemispheres and serves to join them functionally, providing the substrate for a unitary consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main arched part of the corpus callosum. Its fibers distribute extensively within each hemisphere. |
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Term
| Genu of the corpus callosum |
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Definition
| The kneelike sharp anterior bend (corpus callosum), containing fibers that lead to the frontal lobes. |
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Term
| Rostrum of the corpus callosum |
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Definition
| The slender, narrow part beneath the genu (corpus callosum), resembling the prow of the overturned canoe, interconnects the oribital gyri. |
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Term
| Splenium of the corpus callosum |
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Definition
| The thick, rounded posterior bend (of corpus callosum) (similar to a rolled bandage), containing fibers to the occipital and temporal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large collection of fibers originating in the cerebral cortex and descending through the internal capsule (immediately anterior to the closely related corticospinal fibers, terminate in the "bulb" or brainstem, on motor nuclei of cranial nerves. Basically equivalent of the corticospinal tract for the cranial nerve nuclei. |
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Term
| This tract serves almost the same function as the corticospinal tract but serves the function for the cranial nerve nuclei. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Very large collection of fibers originating in the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and even limbic lobes, and descending through the internal capsule (anterior and posterior to the corticospinal/corticobulbar projections) to nuclei in the basal pons, from which axons pass to the contralateral cerebellar hemispheres through the MIDDLE CEREBELLAR peduncles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of about 1 million axons that originate in the cerebral cortex, descend through the internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, basal pons, and medullary pyramid, then reach the spinal cord, where they terminate, via the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. |
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Term
| Corticospinal axons end where at their termination? |
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Definition
| In the spinal cord on cells of the posterior horn, intermediate gray, and anterior horn, where some synapse directly on alpha and gamma motor neurons. A single functional role is difficult to specify, but this is the principal pathway on which skilled volitional movements depend. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subtle swelling on the dorsolateral aspect of the lower medulla, overlying nucleus cuneatus, which mediates the part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway carrying tactile and proprioceptive information from the arm and upper body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wedge-shaped area of the medial surface of the occipital lobe between the calcarine and parietooccipital sulci. Includes the upper half of primary visual cortex and parts of visual association cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest and most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei, featuring a highly convoluted narrow band of neurons arranged like a bag, with an anteriorly directed opening (hilus) from which efferents emerge to form most of the superior cerebellar peduncle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thickened, lateral, serrated sheet of pia matter on each side of the spinal cord, with periodic extensions that attach to the arachnoid and dura mater, supporting the weight and stabilizing the position of the cord within the sac. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, the "in-between brain", the caudal subdivision of the embryonic forebrain, giving rise to the pineal gland, habenula, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, retina, optic nerve and tract, hypothalamus, infundibulum. |
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Term
| Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus |
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Definition
| Ascending and descending fibers connecting the hypothalamus directly and indirectly to visceral sensory neurons and preganglionic autonomic neurons, traveling through the periaqueductal and periventricular gray. |
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Term
| Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus |
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Definition
| A prominent autonomic efferent nucleus containing most of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for thoracic and abdominal viscera. |
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Term
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Definition
| The posterior sensory root of a spinal nerve, which divides into a variable number of regularly spaced rootlets that enter the spinal cord along its posterolateral sulcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost of the three layers of meninges, providing crucial mechanical support for the CNS. In the cranium, it is continuous with the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull, whereas in the vertebral canal, it forms a dural sac within which the spinal cord is suspended by denticulate legaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A column of small nerve cell bodies near the midline of the oculomotor nucleus. Its neurons form the efferent arm of the direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons effect (via postganglionic neurons in the ciliary ganglion) contraction of the pupillary sphincter to constrict the pupil. Also part of the efferent arm of the near reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex covering the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus, near the uncus. It receives inputs from the amygdala, olfactory bulb, limbic lobe, and other cortical areas, and is the major source of afferents to the hippocampus. |
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Term
| External medullary lamina of the thalamus |
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Definition
| A thin, curved sheet of myelinated fibers (afferent and efferent) in places fenestrated and in others dense, surrounding the lateral surface of the thalamus; enclosed by a thin shell of gray matter, the reticular nucleus, which intervenes between it and the internal capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A swelling in the floor of the fourth ventricle, caused by the underlying internal genu of the facial nerve loopiong around the abducens nucleus. |
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Term
| Facial nerve serves what functions? |
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Definition
- Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
- External ear sensation
- controls muscles of facial expression
- regulates secretion by the submandibular, sublilngual, and lacrimal glands
- Posterior belly digastric
- Stapedius
- Stylohyoid
- Posterior auricular (occipitalis)
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Term
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Definition
| A group of motor neurons in the caudal pontine tegmentum that innervate muscles of the ipsilateral half of the face. Considered LMN. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncrossed, large, myelinated, primary afferents entering the posterior column of the spinal cord rostral to T6 and carrying tactile and proprioceptive information from the arm; many of these fibers ascend to the medulla to terminate in the nucleus cuneatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncrossed, large myelinated primary afferents entering the posterior column of the spinal cord caudal to T6 and carrying tactile and proprioceptive information from the leg; many of these fibers ascend to the medulla, medial to fasciculus cuneatus, to terminate in the nucleus gracilis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most medial of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Its afferents come mainly from the cerebellar vermis, and its efferents project bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin strand of connective tissue that anchors the caudal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx. It begins as a pial extension from the conus medullaris, extends through the lumbar cistern surrounded by the cauda equina, picks up a dural covering at about vertebral levels S2, and merges with the periosteum of the coccyx. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally "the fringe", a prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus. It is an accumulation of myelinated axons (mostly efferent) that first collect on the ventricular surface of the hippocampus (alveus). Near the splenium of the corpus callosum, it separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hemispheral component of the flocculonodular lobe, the part of the cerebellum particularly concerned with the vestibular system and eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A prominent paired fiber bundle, mostly containing hippocampal efferents, that interconnects the hippocampus of each cerebral hemisphere and the ipsilateral septal nuclei and hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper arched cable formed by the union of the crura beneath the septa pellucida in the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two bundles that diverge from the body (fornix) then pass down and back toward the mammillary bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two origins(legs) of the body, formed by detachment of the fimbria from the hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hippocampal efferents that have assembled from the alveus on their way into the crus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fornix fibers that leave the columns just above the anterior commissure, bound for the septal nuclei, ventral striatum, and some nearby cortical areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most caudal of the brain ventricles, shaped like a tent with a peaked roof protruding into the overlying cerebellum and a diamond-shaped floor formed by the upper surface of the pons and rostral medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most anterior lobe of each cerebral hemisphere. Includes motor, premotor, and supplementary motor cortex; and extensive prefrontal region; and a large expanse of orbital cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wedge-shaped nucleus medial to the putamen that gives rise to most of the efferents from the basal ganglia. |
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Term
| Globus pallidus (external segment) |
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Definition
| Afferents from the striatum, efferents (via the subthalamic fasciculus) to the subthalamic nucleus. |
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Term
| Globus pallidus (internal segment) |
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Definition
| Afferents from the striatum and subthalamic nucleus, efferents (via the ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus) to the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enlarged strand of choroid plexus in the atrium of the lateral ventricle. "Ball of thread", accumulates calcium deposits with age and so can often be seen on CT images. |
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Term
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Definition
| CN 9, its rootlets emerge laterally from a shallow groove on the lateral surface of the medulla, at the rostral end of the series of filaments that form the vagus nerve. Serves nasooropharyngeal, carotid body/sinus, middle ear, taste, outer ear sensations, assists with swallowing (stylopharyngeus muscle), regulates salivation (parotid gland). |
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Term
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Definition
| A conspicuous swelling just caudal to the obex, located dorsomedially on the lower medulla overlying nucleus gracilis, which mediates that part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway carrying tactile and proprioceptive information from the leg and lower body. |
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