Term
| Cervical plexus formed by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cutaneous nerves of neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders |
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Term
| Most important nerve of cervical plexus |
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Definition
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Term
| Brachial plexus formed by: |
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Definition
C5-T1 (C4 and T2 may also contribute) |
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Term
| Brachial plexus gives rise to: |
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Definition
| Nerves that innervate the upper limb |
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Term
| 4 major branches of brachial plexus |
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Definition
Roots (5 ventral rami) Trunks (upper, middle, lower) Divisions (anterior and posterior) Cords (lateral, medial, and posterior) |
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Term
| Terminal nerves of brachial plexus |
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Definition
Axillary = deltoids + teres minor Musculoskeletal = biceps brachii + brachioradialis Median = flexor muscles of arm Ulnar = FCU + part of FDP Radial = mostly all extensors
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Definition
Sensory and motor = head and neck
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Definition
Sensory = shoulders Motor = diaphragm |
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Definition
Sensory = lateral (outer) upper arm Motor = deltoid + biceps Reflex = biceps
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Definition
Sensory = lateral (outer) forearm + thumb + index finger Motor = wrist extension + bicep Reflex = brachioradialis (forearm tendon) |
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Definition
Sensory = middle finger Motor = wrist flexion + finger extension Reflex = triceps |
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Definition
Sensory = medial forearm + ring + little finger Motor = finger flexion
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Definition
Sensory = medial (inner) upper arm Motor = interossei (finger abduction and adduction)
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Definition
T4 = nipple line T7 = xiphoid process T10/11 = umbilicus T12 = pubic bone |
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Definition
T2-T4 = intercostals T5-T12 = rectus abdominis T12 = iliopsoas |
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Term
| Lumbar plexus arises from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Abdominal wall Thigh Psoas muscle |
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Term
| Major nerves of lumbar plexus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
L1 = upper thigh L2 = mid-thigh L3 = lower thigh |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Sensory = medial foot and medial lower leg Motor = foot inversion (tibialis anterior) Reflex = patellar tendon
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Definition
Sensory = lateral lower leg + dorsal foot Motor = toe extensors (EDL)
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Term
| Sacral plexus arises from _______ and serves ________________ |
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Definition
L4-S4 Lower limb, pelvic structures, perineum |
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Term
| Major nerve of sacral plexus |
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Definition
| Sciatic (longest and thickest nerve in body and is actually composed of 2 nerves- the tibial and common fibular/peroneal) |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory = lateral foot Motor = foot eversion (peroneals) Reflex = Achilles tendon |
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Definition
Sensory = 3 concentric rings around anus and genital regions Motor = Bladder, bowel, sex organs, anal and pelvic muscles Reflex = anal sphincter contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Focal Multifocal (mononeuropathy multiplex) Generalized polyneuropathy (aka peripheral neuropathy) |
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Term
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Definition
Diabetic mononeuropathy (e.g. 6th or 3rd nerve) Compressive (e.g. CTS) |
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Term
| 2 main types of generalized polyneuropathy |
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Definition
Axon-losing (diabetic peripheral neuropathy) Demyelinating (AIDP/Guillian Barre) |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory loss -Distal (stocking-glove pattern) -Symmetrical Cause = multiple mechanisms (including compromise of microvascular blood supply of the peripheral nerves) |
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Term
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Neuropathy = AIDP (Guillian Barre Syndrome) Cause Onset |
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Definition
Cause = immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves Onset = typically 2 weeks after a viral infection |
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Term
AIDP Clinical Presentation |
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Definition
Progressive weakness Areflexia Paresthesias Elevated CSF protein Nerve conductions show demyelination Peaks at 3 weeks Recover over many months |
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Term
| Impaired neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
-Generalized symmetrical motor weakness -Weakness worsens throughout day (i.e., with
repeated use of the muscle -Normal reflexes -No sensory deficits *Chronic condition* |
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Term
| Representative case of impaired neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
Myasthenia Gravis Antibodies against polysynaptic Ach receptors in the neuromuscular junction Diagnosis = blood test (anti-Ach receptor antibodies) Thymomas in 12% - do imaging Treatment = pyridostigmine- cholinesterase inhibitor (Mestinon) and plasma exchange and azathioprine (Imuran) |
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Term
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Definition
Myopathy Greater weakness proximally Normal sensation Normal reflexes CPK elevated EMG - myopathic potentials |
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Term
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Definition
DMD = most common form -X-linked recessive (affects mostly males) -Dystrophin (protein) is absent Polymyositis
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Term
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Definition
LOTS!! Main one = mechanical - disk herniation
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Term
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Definition
Burning pain that radiates into the affected dermatome Loss of reflexes Weakness in myotome Positive SLR Common = L5, S1 >> C6, C7 |
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Definition
Horner's syndrome (via sympathetic path to face/eye) |
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Term
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Definition
Disc herniation Osteophytes Spinal stenosis Trauma |
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Definition
Horner's Syndrome Ulnar nerve problem Lung tumor (C8-T1 can be impinged by mass in lung
where it crosses over apex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Numbess in 1/2 of ring+ little finger |
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Term
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Definition
Wrist drop Snuff box area will be numb Saturday night palsy- fall asleep in position where something is compressing nerve in groove (lower armpit area)
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Term
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Definition
Almost purely sensory- fingers tingle (except 1/2 ring finger + all of little finger) Common to be bilateral Worse when laying down (c/o waking up with increased symptoms at night)
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Term
| The other scapular winging |
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Definition
Accessory nerve to trapezius muscle (which helps to fixate the scapula) Worse with ABD (NOT with pushing) Winging dissapears with flexion of arm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Diminished amplitude implies axon loss Reduced velocity implies demyelination |
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Term
| Electromyogram (needle exam) |
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Definition
Fibrillation in a resting muscle potential implies active demyelination of muscle Polyphsaic motor unit potentials during contraction implies chronic denervation of muscle Low voltage motor unit potentials during contraction implies myopathy |
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