Term
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Definition
A Fibers
-large myelinated, rapid, typically motor
B Fibers
-smaller myelinated, slower, autonomic functions
c Fibers
-smallest and unmyelinated, slowest, severe pain, autonomic functions |
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Definition
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
-produced by binding of neurotransmitter molecules to receptors that result in the opening of channels (Na or K) or closing of channels producing DEPOLARIZATION |
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Definition
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
-produced by binding of neurotransmitter molecules to receptors to increase permeability to CL or K causing HYPERPOLARIZATION |
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Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Lesion Signs |
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Definition
| Flaccid paralysis (no muscle tone), atrophy, deep tendon reflex absent |
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Term
| Upper Motor Neuron Lesions Signs |
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Definition
| spastic pralysis, little or no atrophy, hyperactive deep tendon reflex, pathological response present |
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Term
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Definition
| subconscious stimulus--response mechanism--extremely important in diagnosis and localization of lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes: a receptor (special sense organ, cutaneous end organ, muscle spindle), the afferent neuron-->CNS-->interneuron-->efferent neuron-->effector |
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Term
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Definition
1. Superficial--skin, mucous membrane
2. Deep Tendon---myotatic
3.Visceral--organic
4.Pathologic--abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
provide feedback mechanism for maintaining appropriate muscle tone
depends on:
-specialized sensory receptors (muscle spindles)
-afferent fibers
-2 types of LMNs (alpha and gamma)
-specialized inhibitory interneurons (Renshaw cells) |
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Term
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Definition
-supports weight of the brain, prevents it from resting on the bottom of the skull
-cushions/dampens during running and walking
-provides a stable chemical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Choroid plexus (60%) and Ependyma cells in subarachnoid space (40%) |
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Term
| Mechanisms of CSF circulation |
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Definition
| Drift, Oscillation, pulsative movement |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain
Bacterial: can be lethal, very rare
Viral:not as rare, not life threatening, sever head pain, fever incredible fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
Hypertensive: damages tissue and can be extremely damaging
Subarachnoid: bleeding into subarachnoid space, can be due to physical injury like blow to the head
Subdural: violent movement can tear subdural tissue, blood pumps into the space and can become under pressure
Epidural: something goes through skin and cranium, not as contained so pressure build-up doesn't occur
Vascular Malformations: blood vessel doesn't form right, keeps growing and can tear causing bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
1. Reflexes- simple, occur at spinal level
2. Repetitive Movements- controlled by CPG's (walking running etc)
3. Goal Oriented Movements- ie manipulation of objects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| frontal eye field, concerned with eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Broca's area, motor aspects of speech |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| visual association areas within the occipital lobe |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| auditory association cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior part of 22, plays an important role in the comprehension of language |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract: sharp, stabbing pain
Spinoretiuculothalamic Tract: deep, poorly localized, burning pain |
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Term
Cranial Nerves:
Special Sensory Input |
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Definition
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Term
Cranial Nerves:
Eye movements and pupillary constriction |
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Definition
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Term
Cranial Nerves:
Pure motor |
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Definition
| XI (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius) and XII (muscles of the tongue) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Trochlear Nerve
-the only crossed cranial nerve |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the visual pigment within retinal rods |
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Term
| Magnocellular Ganglion cells |
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Definition
| A retinal ganglion cell that has a larger diameter axon, faster conduction velocity, and are sensitive to motion but not to color, details or form |
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Term
| Parvocellular Ganglion cells |
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Definition
| A retinal ganglion cell with a smaller diameter axon, slower conduction velocity that conveys info about form and color |
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Term
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Definition
| subserves basic survival functions that include feeding behavior, fight-or-fight response, aggression, the expression of emotion and autonomic, behavioral and endocrine aspecs of the sexual response |
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Term
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Definition
absence of smell, usually due to nasal infections
head trauma can cause it as well as a result of injury to the cribiform plate damaging the olfactry nerve, bulb or tract |
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Term
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Definition
arched white fiber tract extrnding from the hippocampal formation to the diencephalon and septal area.
-carries some incoming axons into the hippocampus, and major outflow pathway from the hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
Ties together the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus
-provides an anatomic substrate for the convergence of cognitive (cortical) activities, emotional experience, and expression |
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Term
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Definition
Band of white fibers that crosses the midline to join both cerebral hemispheres.
-Contains two fiber systems: Interbulbar system (joins both ofactory nuclei) and intertemporal system (connects the temporal lobe areas of both cerebral hemispheres). |
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Term
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Definition
Plays an important rile in establishing associations between sensory inputs and various affective states.
-also participates in regulating endocrine activity, sexual behavior, food and water intake. |
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Term
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Definition
Part of Limbic system
-relatively large in animals like cats and rats
-mediates sensations of self-stimulation or self-reward
-may play a role in the euphoric feeling from narcotics |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate recall, short-term memory, and long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
No new long-term memories can be extablished
-hippocampus is resonsible for converting short term to long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
-converts short term memory to long term memory
-important for spatial problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
-this occurs in patients with bilateral temporal lobe lesions
-major characteristics include: hyperorality (explore objects by placing in mouth etc), hypersexuality, psychic blindness (objects no longer recognized), personality changes |
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Term
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Definition
-Seizures that originate in this area are called psychomotor seizures
-may include: abnormal sensations, esp bizarre olfactory sensations, repeated involuntary movements such as chewing, lib smacking etc, disorders of consciousness, memory loss, hallucinations and disorders of recall and recognition |
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Term
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Definition
Precise localization of high-frequency to low-frequency sound wave transmission -exists along the entire pathway from cochlea to auditory cortex
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Term
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Definition
Ringing, buzzing, or hissing in the ear
-frequently an early sign of peripheral cochlear disease |
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Term
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Definition
-Common cause of hearing loss in adults
-progressive ossification of the ligaments between the ossicles |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System targets: |
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Definition
-cardiac tissue
-smooth muscle tissue (like in G.I. tract)
-glands |
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Term
| Similarities between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Definition
| -both are efferent, two-neuron systems with a pre-ganglionic and postganglionic neuron |
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Term
| Differences between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Definition
| -location of preganglionic neuron, and length of pre and postganglionic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-unilateral enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, and loss of sweating over the ipsilateral half of the face or forehead
-from interruption of the sympathetic pathways to the eye and orbit or in the coratid plexux |
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Term
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Definition
-Affects the toes, the fingers, the edges of the ears, and the tip of the nose and spreads to involve large areas
-Disorder of the peripheral vascular innervation |
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Term
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Definition
-a painful condition of the hands or feet characterized by severe burning pain, glossy skin, swelling, redness, sweating, trophic nail changes.
-Caused by irritation of the median or sciatic nerve through injury |
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Term
| Hirschsprung's Disease (megacolon) |
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Definition
-marked dilation of the colon, accompanied by chronic constipation
-it is associated with congenital lack of parasympathetic ganglia and abnormal nerve fibers in an apparently normal segment of large bowel |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptors, stimulated by pressure, are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to hypoxia are located in the aorta and carotid bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| fixating on a single point |
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Term
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Definition
Miosis=constriction, due to stimulation of parasympathetic fibers
mydriasis=dilation, sympathetic activation |
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Term
| Nasal vs. Temporal Retinal fields |
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Definition
Nasal: decussates at chiasm
Temporal: ipsilateral |
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Term
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons of the Visual System |
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Definition
1st- Rods and Cones
2nd- Bipolar Cells
3rd- Ganglion cells |
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Term
Where is the occlusion?
-motor control loss in R ride of face, arm, hand
-inability to speak
-contralateral hemiplegia |
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Definition
| Left middle cerebral artery occlusion |
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Term
Where is the occlusion?
-dysfunction in left leg, prob cant walk
-motor and sensory |
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Definition
| Right anterior cerebral artery occlusion |
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Term
| Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
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Definition
-Fine motor functions
-Modulation of sensory functions
-Originates: motor and premotor cortex
-Ends: anterior horn neurons |
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Term
| Anterior Corticspinal Tract |
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Definition
-Gross and postural motor function
-Originates: motor and premotor cortex
-Ends: anterior horn neurons- interneurons and LMN's |
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Term
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Definition
-Postural reflexes
-Origin: lateral and medial vestibular nucleus
-Ends: gamma and alpha motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-Modulation of Spinal reflexes
-Origin: brain stem reticular formation
-End: dorsal and ventral horn gamma motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-Fien touch, proprioception, two point discrimination
-Origin: skin, joints, tendons
-Ends: thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
-Sharp pain and temperature
-Origin: skin
-End: thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
-Crude touch
-Origin: skin
-End: thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
-Motor function--flexor muscles
-Origin: red nucleus (midbrain)
-Ends: ventral horn interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
-reflexive head turning
-Origin: midbrain
-End: ventral horn interneuron |
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Term
| Functions of hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. appetite
2. water balance
3. anterior pituitary function
4. body temp
5. autonomic functions
6. expression of emotion |
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Term
Where is the occlusion?
-dysphagia
-vertigo/nystagmus
-hoarseness when speaking
-possible vocal cord paralysis
-taste loss on ipsilateral side of tongue |
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Definition
| R/L posterior cerebellar artery occlusion |
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Term
Where is the occlusion?
-ipsilateral facial paralysis
-taste loss on ipsilateral side of tongue
-deafness, ringing in ears |
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Definition
| R/L Anterior Cerebellar Artery occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
Top Down: recieves info from higher order, goal oriented
Bottom Up: information travels from a lower order, via dorsal column tract or spinocerebellar info about movement, position etc |
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Term
| Dorsal/ Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract |
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Definition
-Movement and position mechanisms
-Origin: muscle spindles, GTO's, touch and pressure receptors
-End: cerebellar paleocortex |
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Term
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Definition
-gives info re position of head in space
-includes: saccule and utricle
otopliths: located here, small calcium carbonate crystals, they displace the hair cell processes and excite the utricle and saccule in response to horizontal and verticle movement |
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Term
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Definition
-provides information about rotation
-consists of 3 semicircular canals |
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Term
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Definition
| When the head moves, a compensatory adjustment of gaze is required to keep the eyes fixated |
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Term
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Definition
| modulates the sensitivity of the cochlear organ |
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Term
| Parvocellular Ganglion cells |
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Definition
| -Receive color-specific signals from 3 types of cones and relay them to the brain via the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
-gives info re position of head in space
-includes: saccule and utricle
otopliths: located here, small calcium carbonate crystals, they displace the hair cell processes and excite the utricle and saccule in response to horizontal and verticle movement |
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Term
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Definition
-provides information about rotation
-consists of 3 semicircular canals |
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Term
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Definition
| When the head moves, a compensatory adjustment of gaze is required to keep the eyes fixated |
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Term
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Definition
| modulates the sensitivity of the cochlear organ |
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Term
| Parvocellular Ganglion cells |
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Definition
| -Receive color-specific signals from 3 types of cones and relay them to the brain via the optic nerve |
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Term
Where is the occlusion?
-ipsilateral facial paralysis
-taste loss on ipsilateral side of tongue
-deafness, ringing in ears |
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Definition
| R/L Anterior Cerebellar Artery occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
Top Down: recieves info from higher order, goal oriented
Bottom Up: information travels from a lower order, via dorsal column tract or spinocerebellar info about movement, position etc |
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Term
| Dorsal/ Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract |
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Definition
-Movement and position mechanisms
-Origin: muscle spindles, GTO's, touch and pressure receptors
-End: cerebellar paleocortex |
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Term
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Definition
-gives info re position of head in space
-includes: saccule and utricle
otopliths: located here, small calcium carbonate crystals, they displace the hair cell processes and excite the utricle and saccule in response to horizontal and verticle movement |
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Term
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Definition
-Misinterpretation of the source
-incoming afferents at the same segmental level, neurons in grey matter get over stimulated causes referred pain |
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Term
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Definition
-high density of cones
-focal vision is located here |
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Term
| What Are the 6 ocular muscles? |
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Definition
1. Lateral rectus
2. Medial rectus
3. superior rectus
4. inferior rectus
5. superior oblique
6. inferior oblique |
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Term
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Definition
1st order: Vestibular ganglion
2nd Order: vestibular nuclei in brain stem
Function: participates in the perception of control and balance |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhythmic, oscillating motions of the eyes are |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel to spinal cord, collection of cell bodies in the periphery |
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Term
| Differences between para/sympathetic postganglion lengths |
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Definition
Parasympathetic: very short, often times in affector organ
Sympathetic: very long, leaves chain ganglia all the way to organ |
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Term
| 3 Pathways for Preganglionic sympathetic fibers? |
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Definition
1. Chain Ganglia-->synapses with about 32 post-synaptic fibers, it can reenter a spinal nerve
2. Greater/Lesser splanchnic nerves-->collateral ganglia without synapsing
3. Adrenal medulla, goes directly there without synapsing |
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Term
| In what kind of conditions do you get a parasympathetic response? Sympathetic? |
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Definition
Parasympathetic: maintains body functions in "quiet" conditions
Sympathetic: prepares the body for strenuous, intense exercise |
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Term
| Direct Perception (visual) |
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Definition
Visual perception drives action directl
-no higher order cognitive processing is required
-not the same as a reflex
-this is counter to "information processing" models of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
axon-->dendrite
usually excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
axon-->cell body
usually inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
axon-->axon
usually modulatory, presynaptic inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
dendrite-->dendrite
can be either |
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Term
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Definition
Failure of the neural tube to close at the cranial end
-this is a type of maldevelopment incompatible with life |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of close at the cuadal end--associated with maldevelopment of the vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
specialized mechanoreceptors located within the muscle that provides info about length and rate of chnge in length of the muscle
-distributed in parallel with extrafusal muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
-large, anterior horn neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibers and cause muscle contraction
-excitatory effects
-larger diameter, fast conduction |
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Term
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Definition
-small, specialized motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ventral horn
-they innervate intrafusal fibers in muscle spindles to contract
-relatively small acons
-firing of gamma neurons increases muscle tension on muscle spindle which increases sensitivity to overall stimulus
they regulate postural tone |
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Term
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Definition
-interneurons located in the ventral horn, project to alpha motor neurons
-inhibitory
-they recieve excitatory input from collaterals that branch from alpha motor neurons
-prevent overactivity of alpha motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-receptors located in muscle tendons
-stretch receptors are arranged in series with extrafusal fibers and are activated by stretching/ contracting
-they mediate the inversal stretch reflex
-prevent overactivity of alpha motor neurons |
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Term
| Internal Carotid Artery occlusion |
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Definition
Can be asymptomatic, why?
Collateral blood flow |
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Term
| Two major functions of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| coordination of voluntary motor activities, and control of equilibrium and muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| the strength of synaptic transmission at these junctions is decreased (probably by presynaptic inhibition) when large, non-pain signaling, axons within the nerve are excited (the gate closes). |
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Term
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Definition
| the strength of synaptic transmission at these junctions is decreased (probably by presynaptic inhibition) when large, non-pain signaling, axons within the nerve are excited (the gate closes). |
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Term
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Definition
commussural
-they connect the two cerebral hemishperes |
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Term
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Definition
| connect the cerebral cortex with the lower parts of the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| -these fibers connect the various portions of the cerebral hemisphere and permit the cortex to function as a coordinated whole |
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Term
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Definition
| -shaped like a teepee, with an apical dendrite reaching the upper end toward the cortical surface, and basilar dendrites extending horizontally from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| -star shaped, with dendrites extending in all directions |
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Term
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Definition
| -found in deeper layers, with a large dendrite that ascends toward the surface of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| -Something wrong with the influx/eflux of pain |
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Term
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Definition
-endorphins
-medication
-accupuncture
-T.E.N.S.
-Spinal cord stimulation
-surgery
-placebos
A |
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Term
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Definition
-sit of absorption of CSF
-consist of many microscopic villi |
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