Term
| a nerve cell, which transmits electrical and chemical information throughout the body |
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Definition
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| part of the neuron that receives information from the axons of other nerve cells |
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Definition
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| part of the neuron that carries messages away from one neuron to the dendrites of another |
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| contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life |
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| a fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses |
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| the branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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| bubblelike containers of neurotransmitters, located at the end of an axon |
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Definition
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| chemicals in the endings of nerve cells that send information across the synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| the junction point of two or more neurons; a connection is made by neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
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Definition
| central nervous systems CNS |
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| all other nerves (besides brain and spinal cord) |
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
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| controls voluntary movement |
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| controls involuntary movements |
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| covers the lower brain and controls mental processes such as thought |
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Definition
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| contains the motor strip and frontal association area |
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| area that interprets visual information |
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Definition
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| area responsible for hearing and some speech functions |
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Definition
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Term
| major division of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| one-half of the two halves of the brain; controls the opposite side of the body |
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Definition
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Definition
-largest part of brain
-divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and the temporal
-responsible for thought, action, perception, imagination, judgment, and decision making
-critical in complex thought and learning |
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Definition
-communicates between 2 hemispheres of brain
-located in longitudinal fissure of the brain
-tells each half of the brain what the other is doing |
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Definition
-it's the lobe in the front
-forms anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
-deals w/ higher intellectual processes
-"home to personality"
-left lobe deals with language and logic
-right= "artsy fartsy" |
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Definition
-posterior to frontal lobe
-reception and evaluation of most sensory info: touch, taste, pressure, pain, and temperature
-deals with verbal expression of thoughts, feelings, and ideas |
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Definition
-deals with attention, memory, language, and thought
-has motor areas and association areas
-covers brain |
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Definition
-synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine
-act as a series of four "circuits" |
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Definition
-the switching station for sensory input
-top of brainstem
-superior to hypothalamus
-involved in motor function and receives all sensory signals except for smell, which goes straight to the cerebal cortex |
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Definition
| the control center for hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature |
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Definition
-the outermost covering of the brain
-made of connective tissue
-one of the meninges |
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Definition
-protective membranes surrounding the CNS
-3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
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Definition
-contains more than 50% of the neurons in your brain
-determines body position, contains the superior (how to get there), inferior (where body is), and medial (where you want to be) peduncles |
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Definition
-on brainstem
-posterior and inferior to midbrain
-controls arousal
-works with medulla oblongata to control breathing and sleep |
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Definition
-controls basic unconscious body function
-joins brainstem with higher parts of brain
-reflex functions
-has visual and auditory reflex centers |
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Definition
-the lower part of the brain
-continuous with spinal cord
-medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are all adjoined to it |
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Definition
-includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and other nearby areas
-responsible for our "emotional life"
-critical in memory formation |
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Definition
-interconnected cavities in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
-continuous with the central canal in the spine
-filled with CSF |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| why do axons appear whiter than cell bodies? |
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Definition
| myelinated axons have a high fat content which makes them appear white |
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Term
| what is the corpus collosum |
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Definition
| a large axon tract that is an interconnecting pathway between the left and right hemispheres. |
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Term
| what is the thalamus involved in? |
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Definition
| relay of both sensory and motor information |
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Term
| what does the hippocampus play a role in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what sits on top of the midbrain? |
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Definition
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Term
1. Front of Brain
2. Back of brain
3. Top half of brain
4. Bottom half of brain |
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Definition
1. anterior
2. posterior
3. dorsal
4. ventral |
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Definition
(little Brain) - resonsible for:
1. motor coordination
2. balance |
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Definition
| Relay site for sensory processes |
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Definition 9
Implicated in hunger and thirst, temperature regulation, reproduction behaviors and aggression |
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Definition
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| auditory processing language comprehension object recognition |
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Definition
| motor control reasoning, language production inihitory control, working memory |
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Definition
Critical for emotions and memory
Emotions = lamygdala
Memory = hipocampus |
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Definition
Definition 16
regulates reflex activities that are critical to survival such as heart rate and respiration |
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Term
| Meninges are three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal chord, list them in order of the outermost layer to the inner (including the term referring to the space between 2 and 3): |
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Definition
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid membrane
sub-arachnoid space
3. pia mater |
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Term
Now describe these membranes
-dura mater
-arachnoid membrane
-sub-arachnoid space
-pia mater |
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Definition
DM: the tough outer most layer
AM: spiderweb-like layer
SS: interval between the AM and PM that contains blood vessels and is filled by CSF
PM: layer closest to the brain, thin and mesh like, attached to the brain by astrocytes |
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Term
| List and Describe the subdivisions on the Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
-autonomic nervous system: responsible for monitoring conditions in the internal environment and bringing about appropriate changes in them
-somatic nervous system: responsible for voluntary control of body movements through skeletal muscles, and sensory reception of external stimuli |
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Term
| In the spinal chord signals leave _______ and return _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain matter is white or gray. Gray matter is primarily composed of ________ while white is primarily composed of _________. |
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Definition
-cell bodies
-myelinated axons |
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Term
| sensory neurons enter the spinal chord through the _______ _______, while motor neurons enter the spinal chord through the ________ ________. |
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Definition
-dorsal root
-ventral root |
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Term
| List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what they regulate |
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Definition
-occipital: vision (damage = blindbness)
-parietal: somatasensory (sense of body outline = perception)
-temporal: hearing + balance/equilibrium
-frontal: primary motor cortex (tells you what to do)/prefrontal cortex (decides to do it) |
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Term
| The ______ fissure seperates the frontal and temporal lobe, while the _______ fissure separates the frontal and parietal |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 basic cells of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are found inside the CNS? |
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Definition
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Definition
| cells specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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Definition
support cells that provide nutrients, clear waste, and provide a physical matrix
also participate in neurotransmission by sending signals to neurons and receiving signals from them, control the establishment and maintenance of synapses, and form circuits and may contribute to synaptic plasticity |
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Term
| Ventral horns of the spinal cord are _________ and dorsal horns are _________. |
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Definition
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Definition
| relay center for sensory information (touch, vision, hearing) |
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Term
| what does the hypothalamus do? |
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Definition
| controls all aspects of motivated (pleasure/pain) and regulatory behavior |
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Term
| what is considered the master gland? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus (closely involved in regulation and secretion of hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
conspicuous bulbous structure protruding from the posterior brain
"little brain" |
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Term
| What is the cerebellum involved in? |
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Definition
| aspects of learning and coordination of skilled or smooth movement (posture, walking, equilibrium) |
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Term
| What structures make up the brainstem? |
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Definition
thalamus
hypothalamus
reticular formation
cerebellum
medulla |
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Term
| What roles does the limbic system have? |
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Definition
| three-layer cortical structure covering the periphery of the brainstem on the ventral surface of the lateral ventricles |
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Term
| What is the hippocampus involved in? |
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Definition
| learning and memory (along with the fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus) |
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Term
| What is the majority of the cerebral cortex surface called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells makes up the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
glia (support cells)
cell bodies
dendrites
interconnecting axons of neurons |
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Term
| What type of functions are done in the left hemisphere? |
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Definition
analytical (extraction of elements that make up a whole)
ex: good at recognizing serial events |
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Term
| What type of functions are done in the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
| synthesis (putting isolated elements together to perceive a whole) |
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Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| What is the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
collection of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain
lies beneath the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles |
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Term
| What is the frontal lobe for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the parietal lobe for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the temporal lobe for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the occiptal lobe for? |
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Definition
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