Term
| What is a coup vs. a contrecoup lesion? |
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Definition
| -Lesions of the brain where a coup is at point of impact, and contrecoup is on the opposite side (from the rebound) |
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Term
| What is an arterial dissection? What does it look like? How will it present for carotid vs. vertebral? |
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Definition
-It is when a tear in the endothelium results in the blood tearing it up and getting underneath, etc.
-Looks much more narrow than it should, sometimes with a bulge before
-Internal carotid will give local pain & Horner's syndrome
-Vertebral will give a posterior headache, vomiting, and vertigo |
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Term
| Where are most brain aneurisms? |
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Definition
| -Most are in the anterior circulation, especially the anterior communicating branch, and on the middle cerebral |
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Term
| What is the most common glial neoplasm in adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| -What is the most frequent posterior fossa tumor in children? |
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Definition
| -Medullloblastoma (vermis of cerebellum) |
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Term
| Where are the typical locations for adult vs. child CNS tumors? |
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Definition
| -Tumors in adults tend to be supratentorial while they tend to be infratentorial in children (cerebellum) |
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Term
| What are the four types of astrocytomas? What defines them? |
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Definition
Low grade;
1. Fibrillary astrocytoma;
-*Well differentiated with no necrosis, capillary proliferation, mitotic figures, or extreme pleomorphism
2. Pilocytic astrocytoma;
-A *cystic lesion of the **cerebellum in *children
-Contains "hairlike" cells
-excellent prognosis
High Grade (which I'm going to get lol)
3. Anaplastic astrocytoma; Densely cellular with pleomorphism, but *less prominent necrosis
4. Glioblastoma; **Hememorrhagic necrosis and vascular proliferation (this and last in cerebrum) |
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Term
| Where do we find oligodendroglioma? What is characteristic of them? |
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Definition
-They are in the cerebral hemispheres (adults)
-***Calcification is often seen
-Cells appear regular and are surrounded by a clear halo ("fried eggs" cells) |
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Term
| What is an ependymoma? Who do we find it in more? What is characteristic of it? |
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Definition
-It is an intramedullary tumor located in the **fourth ventricle
-Most common in *children
-May produce hydrocephalus
-**Perivascular pseudorosettes are produced (roselike and around blood vessels); basically looks like some darker staining cells around a b.v. (almost like adenoma tissue) |
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Term
| What is a medulloblastoma? Who has it more? What characterizes it? |
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Definition
-It is a common tumor in *children that arrises from the **fetal external granular layer of the cerebellum**
-It is highly infiltrative and invasive
-Consist of small hyperchromatic cells (typical of agressive tumors)
-It is radiosensitive (one good thing about aggressiveness) |
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Term
| What are meningiomas? From where do the arise? Where are they typically found? What characterizes them? |
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Definition
-*Benign tumor of the meninges that typically arise from *arachnoid cells
-Usually found in *parasaggital region, but can occur anywhere
-Present with swirls of cells and *psammoma bodies; **calcification in concentric pattern (looks like bisected jawbreakers lol)
-Danger here is due to mass effect |
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Term
| What is a craniopharyngioma? Who is it more common in? What does the tumor look like? What are the symptoms/effects of the tumor? |
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Definition
-It arrises from *Rathke pouch remnants and is *suprasellar in location
-Most common cause of **hypopituitarism in children**
-It contains tissue resembling embryonic *tooth-like structures
-Get cystic degeneration and **dystrophic calcification
-Causes **diabetes insipidus (presses on pit; has ADH) and sometimes *hydrocephalus |
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Term
| What are the metastiatic *potentials for some tumors that often metastasize to the brain? |
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Definition
-*Melanoma; 50%
-Breast & Lung; 25%
-Colon & Kidney; 5%
-*Prostate; 0%
-Note, however, if a question asks the most common tumor to metastasize to the brain, it will be lung
-The highest *potential one will be melanoma |
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Term
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Definition
-Failure of the vertebral arches to close; results in spina bifida types
-Note; he is kinda mixing this us with **myeloschisis, which is the worst kind of spina bifida (exposed/unrecognizable cord) |
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Term
| What is an encephalocele? |
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Definition
-Basically a *cranial meningocele
-When brain matter is present, we call it a **encephalomeningocele |
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Term
Define;
-Hydromyelia
-Syringomyelia
-Syringobulbia |
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Definition
-Hydromyelia; dilation of the central canal of cord
-Syringomyelia; cyst (called a syrinx) within the spinal cord, may expand and cause damage over time
-Syringobulbia; syrinx in medulla |
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Term
Define;
-Lissencephaly
-Polymicrogyria
-Pachygyria
-Neuronal heterotopias
-Holoprosencephaly |
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Definition
-Lissencephaly; smooth brian, seen in Miller-Dieker syn.
-Polymicrogyria; small and excessive giri
-Pachygyria; broad gyri reduced in number
-Neuronal heterotopias; gray where they should be white
-Holoprosencephaly; cerebral hemispheres not separated |
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Term
| Distinguish between Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker? |
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Definition
-Arnold-Chiari is when the *posterior fossa is a bit small* and the cerebellar tonsils/vermin herniate through an enlarged foramen magnum, producing hydrocephalus
-50% of childhood hydrocephalus is from this
-Dandy-Walker is when there is an *enlarged posterior fossa* and the *cerebellar vermis, and the *foramina of Luschka & Magendie do not generate, causing hydrocephalus |
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Term
| What is tuberous sclerosis? What is a visible sign? |
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Definition
-A disease with multiple nonmalignant hamartomas of abnormal astrocytes with calcification
-We see skin nodules
-Also get benign tumors of other organs such as the heart and kidney |
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Term
| What is Von Hippel-Lindau disease? |
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Definition
-An autosomal dominant disease where you get *vascular tumors of the brain (**hemangioblastomas) and of the retina
-Also gives a predisposition to various cancers such as *renal adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| What is Sturge-Weber syndrome? |
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Definition
-Get *angiomas (benign blood vessel tumors) all over the place, including the brain, and visible on the face; gives *"port wine stain" of face
-Causes mental retardation, seizures, and "railroad" appearance of of skull from calcium deposits in the leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid) |
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Term
| What is Riley Day Syndrome? |
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Definition
-AKA familial dysautonomia (bad autonomics)
-Autosomal recessive and common in Ashkenazi Jews
-It is a disorder of the autonomic and sensory nervous system (mostly sympathetic) that results in;
-Poor coordination of swallowing and gag reflex
-*Increased sweating and poor temp control
-*Indifference to painful stimuli
-No tears
-Abnormal facial structure (witch chin)
-Low GI motility |
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Term
| What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? |
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Definition
-Hypoxemia is low O2 in the blood
-Hypoxia is low 02 in the tissue |
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Term
| What is a watershed infarction? |
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Definition
-Ischemia, or blood flow blockage, that is localized to the border zones between the territories of two major arteries in the brain
-Blood supply in theses regions is not as great
-Also known as a border zone infarction |
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Term
| What is laminar necrosis? |
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Definition
| -Death of cells in the (cerebral) cortex of the brain in a band-like pattern, with a relative preservation of cells immediately adjacent to the meninges |
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Term
| What is a lacunar infarct? |
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Definition
| -Occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries that provides blood to the brain's deep structures |
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