Term
| What are the neural tube vs neural crest derivatives in general? |
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Definition
-Neural tube forms neurons with cell bodies in the CNS (motor neurons and preganglionic autonomics)
-Neural crest derives neurons with cell bodies outside the CNS (sensory and postganglionic autonomics)
-Note, neural crest also derives a bunch of other stuff like the adrenal medulla and heart structures (other card) |
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Term
| What is the name for the crest cells that migrate to the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the myelin producing glial cells of the CNS and PNS? What are the differences between these two types? What are two diseases associated with the myelin of each? |
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Definition
-CNS; oligodedrocytes - can myelinate many axons
-PNS; Schwann cells - myelinate only a small part of a single axon
-MS is a CNS demyelin disease & Guillain-Barr syndrome is a PNS demylination disease
-Remember, both are type IV HS diseases and thought to be caused by molecular mimicry |
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Term
| During what week do we see neurulation? Go over the steps? |
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Definition
-During week three, right after gastrulation
-The notochord induces neural plate formation, the plate folds in, finishes when the neural folds meet and are covered by surface ectoderm |
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Term
| What are the two pores called? When do they close? What is each associated with? |
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Definition
-The rostral neuropore closes around day 25 (first) and is associated with anencephaly when it doesn't close
-The caudal neuropore closes around day 27 and is associated with spina bifida |
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Term
| What are the two sides of the neural tube called? What separates them? |
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Definition
-The alar plate (sensory) is dorsal
-The basal plate (motor) is ventral
-Separated by the sulcus limitans |
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Term
| What will derive the ventricles? |
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Definition
| -The neural pore that forms in the neural tube |
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Term
| What is one of the protein who's levels are off in anencephaly? When else do we see it being above or below normal? How do we tell it is anencephaly and not the others? |
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Definition
-In any thing that exposes the neural tube we will see elevated levels of α-feto protein (spina bifida included)
-In anencephaly, though, we will also get polyhydraminos because the fetus can't swallow
-In down syndrome we see reduced levels |
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Term
| What are the three types of spina bifida? |
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Definition
1. Spina bifida occulta;
-vertebral arches don't close all the way
-asymptomatic
-often get a tuft of hair over the effected vertebrae
-The rest are cystica types;
2. Spina bifida with meningocele
-Meninges project out, but spinal cord is in proper place
3. Spina bifida with meaningomyelocele;
-Spinal projects through as well (most common of cystica types)
-Associated with Arnold Chiari type II
4. Spina bifida with myeloschisis;
-Open neural tube on surface of back
-Most severe |
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Term
| What is Arnold Chiari type II? |
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Definition
-It is a downward displacement of the cerabellar vermis and medulla through the foramen magnum
-It causes compression of the fourth ventricle and resultant hydrocephalus
-Often associated with lumbar meningomyelocele and syringomyelia (cyst in central canal of spinal cord from excess CSF)
-Note that type I is more common and often asymptomatic and involves the tonsils only |
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Term
| What derives the pituitary? |
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Definition
-Ant. pituitary is from surface ectoderm (oral)
-Neurohypophysis (post. pituitary) is from neural tube |
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Term
| What are some neural crest derivatives (9)? |
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Definition
-Adrenal medulla
-Ganglia
-Pigment cells
-Schwann cells
-Pia and arachnoid mater
-Pharyngeal arch cartilage
-Odontoblasts
-Aorticopulmonary septum
-Endocardial cushions |
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Term
| Where do the salivary glands originate from? |
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Definition
-The parotid is from surface ectoderm
-The rest are from endoderm |
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Term
| Where does the retina originate? |
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Definition
-Neural tube (optic nerve too)
-Important because diseases like MS that effect the CNS will effect vision (unlike PNS diseases like GBS) |
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Term
| What derives the dura mater and all serous membranes (pericardial, pleura, and peritoneum)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are some (4) parenchymal tissues derived from endoderm? |
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Definition
| -Liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids |
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Term
| What are the different types of splanchnics and where do they synapse and serve? |
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Definition
-All except the cardiopulmonary nerves pass through the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia) without synapsing to arrive and synapse at the prevertebral ganglia (no prevertebral ganglia above diaphragm)
-The other types are the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and pelvic splanchnics (Pelvic are Para) |
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Term
| In general, where are fibers destined for that synapse vs do not synapse in the paravertebral ganglia? |
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Definition
-Ones passing through the sympathetic chain are always destined for the viscera
-Ones synapsing (except cardiopulmonary nerves) are destined for the body wall, extremities, or head |
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Term
| How many white and grey rami are there? |
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Definition
| -There are 14 white and 31 grey (grey go whole length) |
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Term
| Where are the sympathetic cell bodies in the CNS? What drives them? |
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Definition
-They are in the lateral horn of T1 to L2
-The descending hypothalamic fibers drive them (note that severing this will also give Horner's syndrome) |
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Term
| What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter always? What is the neurotransmitter and receptor for the post. fibers of craniosacral nerves? For thoracolumbar? |
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Definition
-ACh for all preganglionic nerve types (motor etc.)
-ACh and muscarinic receptor type for craniosacral
-Mostly NE and α or β receptors for thoracolumbar, but also ACh and muscarinic for sweat glands and piloerector muscles
-Also, we can think of the adrenal medulla as a post synaptic nerve and the blood as its axon; it uses mostly Epi (some Norepi) and α or β receptors |
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Term
| What are the cranial nerves with para, what are their ganglia, what are they serving? Where are the pelvic para from? |
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Definition
-3, 7, 9, & 10 all have para
-3; Ciliary ganglion - pupillary sphincter and ciliary m.
-7; Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia - for lacrimal gland & head mucosa, and submandibular & subligual glands
-9; Otic ganglion - parotid gland
-10; terminal ganglia
-Pelvic splanchnics originate from S2,3,4; terminal ganglia in hindgut and pelvic viscera
-Note that para don't go to the body wall and extremities |
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Term
| What is it called when we have no terminal pelvic splanchnic ganglia? |
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Definition
| -Hirschsprung's disease (AKA aganglionic megacolon) |
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