The Brain

Our brains are...

The Brain is...

Mother of All Organs 

Ourselves

The sensory processor. We study how sensory processing works and how people process their info. 

The brain controls speech through nerves the activate muscles, causing each to contract at just the right time and to just the right extent. 

The brain changes a code of neural impulses into a perception of meaningful sounds (decodes and interprets). 

The brain lies  within the cranial cavity of the skull.

Motor Skills

we communicate with gestures, eye movements, posture, etc. motor disabilities may lead to poor judgements by others. 

ALL of these _____ skills are involved in communication. 

Language

total brain activity 

comprehension of and encoding of the symbol system.

we need to be able to understand and produce words in discourse. even with a fully functioning and complex language system, alternative methods are used for those with SPEECH problems.

Speech

...a muscular activity...

Production requires precisely synchronized activity in many muscles, including the respiratory muscles of the chest, phonatory muscles of the larynx, and articulatory muscles of the pharynx, palate, tongue, jaw and lips.

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TBI

signature injury of war

brainshaking

alters: cognition, problem solving, alertness, etc. 

COMMUNICATION

CNS / PNS

Brain and Spinal Cord

CAPD- problem with the auditory process in the brain. 

Everything else. 

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The Ear

1. detects the vibration of sound

2. changes them to nerve impulses

3. sends them to the brain 

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Spinal Cord

Nervous tissue and Dendrites 

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Spinal Column 

The Lobes of the Brain 

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal 

lies within the cranial cavity of the skull

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Neuron

1 of 2 cell types; nerve cells

basic cell, makes up nervous tissue

transmit info via nerve impulses

"celeb" cells

these are not randomly scattered, they are grouped and named. 

neurons have developed many specializations for communication and facilitate rapid propagation of nerve impulses and transmission of these messages from one cell to another.

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Satellite Cells 

these do not transmit nerve impulses. synonymous with Glial Cells

"servants" to the "celebs" they *facilitate neurons*

provide support and protection for neurons,surround neurons and hold them in place,supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons,insulate one neuron from another,destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons

modulate neurotransmission         

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Cell Body

synonymous with Soma

contain organelles that allow the cell to function

most organelles are found in this portion of the neuron

neurons process away from the cell body

the 2 process types are dendrites and axons. 

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Dendrites

shorter/branchier than axons

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Axons

actually transmit the nerve impulse via chemical electrical signals

these signals travel super fast

ie- John Diaz, the Giant; neurons in the spinal cord (cell body at the base) have axons that go all the way to the toes to ignite sensation. 

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Nucleus

plural: nuclei

cell bodies packed together in the CNS (groups of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites

this is different than "nucleus" the organelle. 

Ganglion

plural: Ganglia

groups of cell bodies packed together in the PNS (neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites)

Cortex

plural: cortices

term used to refer to groups of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, layered on the brain's surface. 

all of the gray is layered in sheets on the surface of the brain.

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Gray Matter

ganglia, nuclei, and cortices collectively...

layered in sheets on the surface of the brain called cortices. 

this is the processing area where everything happens.

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Tract

this term refers to a group of axons(nerve fibers) found in the CNS 

this is white matter because it is covered in fatty, white, shiny myelin. 

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White Matter

tracts and nerves collectively...

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Nerve

This term is used to refer to groups of axons in the PNS. 

White matter because it is covered in fatty, white, shiny Myelin.

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Myelin Sheath

(white matter)

Synapse

plural: synapses

this is where information is passed from one neuron to another 

where 1 neuron's process endings are very close to some part of another neuron...can also take place on a muscle cell or a gland cell. 

area where a chemical neurotransmitter is released (a little space on the neurons ending and whichever cell.) 

synapse visual...

A few common

major neurotransmitters...

acetylcholine (ACh)

Dopamine

Seratonin

Endorphins

Norepinephrine

gamma amino butryic acid (GABA)

Neurotransmitter

chemical released at the synapse when a nerve impulse comes to the end of an axon...either excites or inhibits a neuron

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All body parts are made of:

cells and extracellular material

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Neuroscience

intellectual discipline that studies the brain---began in the mid-1960's

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