Term
|
Definition
| stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus |
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Term
| what neurons r invloved in a reflexive movement control? |
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Definition
-sensory neurons
-motor neurons
-inter neurons |
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Term
| reflexes can occur at four different levels? |
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Definition
-spinal
-brainstem
-midbrain
-cortex |
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Term
| _______movement control is with conscious intention to move |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is reflexive movement control at the spinal cord level |
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Definition
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Term
| the stretch reflex (DTR)excites the muscle spindle which sends a message on a _____ afferents to an aplha motor neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| the stretch reflex results in excitation of________ and _______ and inhibition of the antagonist |
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Definition
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Term
| the stretch reflex results in excitation of________ and _______ and inhibition of the antagonist |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibition of the agonist is also known as_________ and_________ |
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Definition
| reciprocal innnervation and reciprical inhibition |
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Term
| muscle spindle information also goes to suprasoinal regions via______ |
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Definition
long loop reflex pathway
-this is present following the initial stretch |
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Term
| reflexive control at the spinal level is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when there is noxious stimulus to the skin causing protective withdrawal of the limb through the excitation of flexor muscles |
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Term
| flexor withdrawal results in ipsilateral excitation of ________ muscles and inhibition of ipsilateral________ ______ muscles |
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Definition
-flexor
-antagonist extensor |
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Term
| reflexive control of movemnet at the spinal level--cross extension typically occurs in conjunction with the ________ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| in crossed extension withdrawal reflex ______ neurons to opposite leg excite extensor muscles and iinhibit flexor muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| when on leg flexes in the ______ _____ reflex, the other leg extends to maintain support of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| autogenic inhibition is stimulated by contraction or muscle pulling on the _____ exciting the ______ _______ ______. these send signals to alpha motor neuron via 1b sensory neurons |
|
Definition
tendon
(gto) golgi tendon organ |
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|
Term
| the golgi tendon organ(GTO) has three functions |
|
Definition
-protect the muscle
-regulation of muscle force(tension)
-clasp-knife phenomenon reflex |
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Term
| clasp knife phenomenon reflex is mediated by the ____ through _______ inhibtion. |
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Definition
-GTO
-autogenic
clasp knife reflex is a sudden drop in resisitance when passive range is done slowly on spastic patients |
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|
Term
| reflexive control of movement at the spinal level examples are ________ and _________ |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
when you stroke foot firmly
+ reults is when the great toe flexes toward the top of the foot and some splaying of the toes..means UMN
-normal response is when the toes plantarflexes |
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Term
|
Definition
when u tap or flick the terminal phalanx of the 3 or 4 digit
-normal causes the finger to rebound into slight extension
+ response is flexion of the terminal phalanx of thumb |
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Term
| childhood reflexive control of movments at the brainstem level (5) |
|
Definition
-ATNR, ASYMETRIC TONIC NECK REFLEX
-STNR, SYMETRIC "" ""
- TONIC LABYRINTHINE REFLEXES
- ASSOCIATED REACTIONS
- POSITIVE SUPPORTING REACTIONS |
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|
Term
| childhood reflexive control of movement at midbrain level (5) |
|
Definition
-neck righting reaction
-body righting reaction
-labyrinthine righting reaction
-optical righting reaction
-protective extension |
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|
Term
| voluntary control of movement has 2 pathways |
|
Definition
parallel pathways
heirarchial organization |
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|
Term
in parallel pathways the _____
exerts it influence over muscles in a variety of descending routes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| heirarchial organizations the _____ can ifluence the pricessing ot he side loops of the motor heirarchy. the ____ and ______ form side loops with the cotical motorareas |
|
Definition
-cortex
-basal ganglia and cerebellum |
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Term
|
Definition
decision
motor planning areas
control circuits
descending motor pathways
spinal interneurons
lower motor neurons
skeletal muscles |
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|
Term
MI-primary motor cortex(area4)
(5) |
|
Definition
-recieves input from sensory modailities
-sends output via CST, pyramidal system
-monosynaptic connect to alpha MN
-polysynaptic connct to gamma MN to control muscle spindle length
-bil innnervation to face and trunk muscles |
|
|
Term
all of the neurons that control the biceps muscle must be located together
is this a myth or not?? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ appears to control individual movements of individual body parts or sequences of movements and direction and distance of movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| primary motor cortex controls ______ and ______ of movement and is for _______ movement |
|
Definition
force and speed
simple movement |
|
|
Term
premotor area and supplemental area(sma)
both send projections to _____ and_____.
These help perform _______ movment. |
|
Definition
-primary motor cortex, (area4) and spinal cord
-complex mvmt |
|
|
Term
| monkeys with a ______ lesion cannot figure out how to reach for food behind a clear plexiglass wall |
|
Definition
| premotor cortex or area 6 |
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Term
| premotor cortex area 6 receives input from _______ and___________. primary output to _______, ______, and indirect output to bg and cerebellum. |
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Definition
cerbellum and posterior parietal cortex
MI area4 and to trunk muscles |
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|
Term
| premotor cortex functions |
|
Definition
-movements activted by external stimuli
-visually guided sequencing
-"motor set"
-sensitive to behavioral cortex
-signals correct and incorrect actions |
|
|
Term
| sma (area 6)recieves inout from putamen in bg.involved in learning the_____ of mvmts and involved in mvmts that are ______. resonds to mentally rehearsed movements sequences of mvmts. helps with transformation of kinematic to _____information |
|
Definition
-sequences
-intiated internlly
-dynamic |
|
|
Term
| prefrontal cortex does 4 things |
|
Definition
-strategic planning/decision to move
-motivation
-adaptive, changing strategy to move
-appropriate actions for behavior context |
|
|
Term
| posterior parital cortex does 3 things |
|
Definition
-mvmts accurate to objects in external space
- processing spatial relationships
-building a represnetation of external space |
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|
Term
| cerebellum inputs from these areas |
|
Definition
-mi, sma, premotor area
-includes gto, muscle spindle,touch receptors,visual, vestibular and auditory system |
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|
Term
| more than 1/2 of all of the neurons are in the ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cerebellum outputs comparatoract to compare the "________" to current sensory information |
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Definition
| -efference copy, copy of motor program from MI,SMA and premotor |
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|
Term
| cerebellum-flocculonodular lobe aka vestibulocerebellum control the axial muscles for _________. dysfucntion results in 3 things. |
|
Definition
-equllibrium
3 thing r
-ataxic gt,wide based stance,nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| cerbellum-vermis and intermediate hemispheres aka spinocerebellum functions in organized______,output to _________________, involved in the _____. |
|
Definition
-in a fracture somatography
-output to brainstem reticular formation,vestibular nuclei,thalamus, motor cortex, and red nuclei in midbrain
-integration of sensory input w motor commands to produce adaptive motor co-ordintaion |
|
|
Term
| spinocerebellum compares effernce copy of motor program to incoming sensory data and modulates muscle tone via gamma motor. this controls______ and_____. |
|
Definition
| ongoing movement and gt ataxia |
|
|
Term
| cerebellum lateral hemispheres aka cerebrocerebellum has both motor and non motor functions,inputs from pontine nuclei and outputs to 4 things? |
|
Definition
-thalamus
-motor
-premotor
-prefrontal cortices |
|
|
Term
| cerebrocerebellum functions in 2 things and with lesion effects this |
|
Definition
-non-motor learning:centralized clock for body fucntions,recall of habits,verbs,timing in perceptual task
-motor learning:eval of sensory feedback, timing of movements, ex grasp begins during reach phase
-with lesion damage effects motor learning timing for example your grasp does not begin until full reach is completed |
|
|
Term
| cerebellum clnincial dysfucntions |
|
Definition
-decreased muscle tone
-static and dynamic bal (gt)
-dysathria
-nystagmus
-dysmetria
-intention tremor
-dysdiadochokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slurred uncoordinated speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual guidance of mvmts deteriorates, eyes move back and forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.most common past pointing,overshooting of target
2-the opposite |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| impaired sequential movements |
|
|
Term
| dopaminergic modulation 3 things |
|
Definition
1-excitatory effect on d1 receptors in direct pathway
2-inhibitory effect on d2 receptors in indirect pathway
3-turns up motor activity |
|
|
Term
| cholinergic modulation 3 things |
|
Definition
1-inhibits dicrect pathway
2-excites the indirect pathway
3-turns down the motor activity |
|
|
Term
| direct and indirrect pathways________each other to maintain normal movement function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bg_________ the _____ commands |
|
Definition
| orchestra the motor commands |
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|
Term
| bg inputs primarily recieved form the_________. from theses areas |
|
Definition
-caudate and putamen
areas
-sensory cortex
-motor cortex
-association areas |
|
|
Term
| bg outputs go primarily from the globus pallidus and_______.outputs go via the -______ to prefrontal cortex, sma, and premotor cortex(skeletal motor) |
|
Definition
-substantia nigra
-thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-skeletomotor
-oculomotor
-prefrontal
-limbic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prepartion for and execution of mvmt
-selectively activates some mvmts and suppresses others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -controls saccadic eye mvmts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-organizing behaviors
-mediating socially apporpiate responses
lesions-made lead to obsessive compulsive behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-control of motivated behavior
-involved in procedural learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
problems w actions
-hyperactvity-huntington disease, ocd
-hypoactivity/flat affeck-parkinsons, depression |
|
|
Term
| sx's of parkinsons disease, these can be improved w visual cues |
|
Definition
-resting tremor
-rigidity
-micrographia
-bradykinesia:slow c mvmt
-frozen gait syndrome |
|
|
Term
| have diffiuculty carrying out sequential task with problems in ____ they perform as isolated tasks |
|
Definition
bg.
ex. r huntingtons disease and parkinson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pts w cerebellar deficits showed improved motor performance w ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pts c parkinsons disease can overcome freezing in mvmt initiation w _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planning for internally generated mvmt sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planning for visually guided comple mvts |
|
|
Term
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
| motivation, strategy, and adaptation of mvmts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| co-ordination and timing of mvmts |
|
|
Term
| peep c sig ue hemiparesis but little le hemiparesis most likely has a lesion of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peep c paralysis of the r LQ of the face is most likely to have a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tonic stretch reflexes are normally ______ in healthy individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| menatal rehersal is a technique the requires normal fucntion of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ compares the efference copy from the primary motor cortex c incoming sensory feedback info to adjust and regulate mvmts tomake it smooth and co-ordinated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a central pattern generator is a ex of a neurophysiologically identified |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| therapidt whi lets her tbi pt explore the environment to figure out the best method for achieving a functional motor task is applying the _______ theory of motor control |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| anticipatory postural control invlves the activation of the prime over..ex wrist and hand muscles when throwing a baseball |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testing the equitest has taught us that the ______ sense is much less dominanat than the __________ or______ sense modulating postural control |
|
Definition
| vestibular, visual, somatosensory |
|
|
Term
| stability limits r most likely to be largest in which of the following conditons? |
|
Definition
| u stand in attention c feet apart |
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