Term
| Touch Receptor types: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Touch Afferent Axon Type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain & Temp receptor type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diameter fibers have the lowest threshold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Local aesthetics first block? |
|
Definition
| first block unmyelinated fibers, then lightly myelinated, then heavily myelinated (Rapidly adapting |
|
|
Term
| Rapidly adapting fiber types: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slowly adapting fiber types: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nociceptors can show _______ aka _____ coding. |
|
Definition
afterdischarge
duration coding |
|
|
Term
| Directional Coding is an important aspect of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a mechanoreceptor in epidermis for Light discriminative touch and crude touch; I.D form and texture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a mechanoreceptor in dermis for Light discriminative touch; I.D. motion detection and grip control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a mechanoreceptor in dermis for Pressure, coarse touch, vibration, tension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fine discriminative touch & proprioception are conveyed by _____ diameter fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are conveyed by small diameter fibers. |
|
Definition
| Crude touch, pressure, pain & temperature |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal column/medial lemniscus has _____ diameter fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral system has _____ diameter fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a more precise indicator of location of spinal injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overlap with dermatomes is more extensive for ________. |
|
Definition
for discriminative touch,
proprioception and
vibration |
|
|
Term
| Fiber types found in the PNS for the Dorsal Column system and what they carry. |
|
Definition
Aalpha = Proprioception only
Abeta = Proprioception, vibration, fine touch |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Column receptors are ____ adapting and found in muscle, joint, hair & skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CNS component of the Dorsal Column/ Medial Lemniscal System: __________. |
|
Definition
Fasciculus gracilis & Fasciculus cuneatus & their respective nuclei
Medial lemniscus
Spinocervical tract (SCT) & Postsynaptic-Posterior Column System |
|
|
Term
| DC/ML location in the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Projections from Primary Somatosensory cortex go to _______ at brodmann area _____. |
|
Definition
| Somatosensory Secondary (SSII) Brodmann Area 40 |
|
|
Term
| Projections from Primary Somatosensory (SSI) and Somatosensory Secondary (SSII) go to _______ at brodmann area _____. |
|
Definition
| Parietal sensory association cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7) |
|
|
Term
| Parietal lobe lesions (esp. right) produce _________, because of their disruption of the __________ cortex. |
|
Definition
contralateral sensory neglect syndrome
Parietal sensory association cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7) |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral sensory neglect syndrome SYMPTOMS: ___________. |
|
Definition
bumping into objects on side opposite to lesion
not grooming side of body opposite to lesion
not eating food on side opposite to lesion
Will only draw one side of a picture |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral sensory neglect syndrome ignore which side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sensory cortex (SSI) Brodmann’s areas: __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OTHER DC/ML Primary Afferent Paths: Large fibers (Aalpaha or Abeta) enter dorsal horn a small percentage ________ & then ________ or ___________. |
|
Definition
make synaptic contact in the dorsal horn grey matter
a)then ascend via dorsal columns. This pathway is called the Postsynaptic-Posterior (Dorsal) column
b)Or ascend via spinocervicothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Spinocervicothalamic tract synapses in the dorsal horn and then ascends via _____ and synapses in ________. |
|
Definition
posterior region of the lateral funiculus
lateral cervical nucleus (LCerNu) |
|
|
Term
| After the Spinocervicothalamic tract has synapsed in the lateral cervical nucleus (LCerNu), it then ________ and ascends via the _______ to synapse finally in ______. |
|
Definition
crosses via ant commissure
Medial Lemniscus
ascends to contralateral VPL (Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of Thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| Physiological Significance of the Spinocervicothalamic tract & Postsynaptic-Posterior (Dorsal) column? |
|
Definition
| pathologic pain In cases of intractable pain –Following surgical procedures |
|
|
Term
| Subconscious Proprioception is provided by the __________ tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinocerebellar Tracts, Leg proprioceptors components: _______. |
|
Definition
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Nucleus Dorsalis of Clark
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Spinocerebellar Tracts for lower body, Proprioceptive afferents entering at ______ levels bifurcate and synapse on _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinocerebellar Tracts for lower body entering below L2 ascend via _______ and then synapse on __________. |
|
Definition
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Clark’s nucleus |
|
|
Term
| For Spinocerebellar Tracts for lower body, after synapsing on Clark’s nucleus, the secondary ascend (ipsilatteraly/contrallateraly) via _________ to the ____ from which it enters the cerebellum via the ______. |
|
Definition
Secondary afferents then ascend ipsilaterally via dorsal spinocerebellar tract to medulla &
Enter cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| Spinocerebellar Tracts Arm proprioceptors components: ___________. |
|
Definition
External cuneate nucleus
cuneocerebellar tract
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) causes? |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral loss of unconscious coordination (ataxia) |
|
|
Term
| ______ EXISTS AT RELAY POINTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory information from the face is gathered through the _______ system. |
|
Definition
| TRIGEMINAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| TRIGEMINAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM is the counterpart of ______ for the face. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRIGEMINAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM caries modalities of: _______ for the face. |
|
Definition
| fine discriminative touch, proprioception and vibration for the face |
|
|
Term
| The Trigeminal Lemniscal system is composed of afferents from: _______. |
|
Definition
CN V: – Ophthalmic
– Maxillary
– Mandibular |
|
|
Term
| CN V (Trigeminal) is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory roots of CNV exit:
–V1-___________
–V2-_____________
–V3-____________
Motor Root: _______. |
|
Definition
V1- Superior orbital fissure
V2- Foramen Rotundum
V3- Foramen Ovale
Motor Root- Foramen Ovale |
|
|
Term
| The Trigeminal Lemniscal system has _____ adapting fibers: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Aalpha fibers of the Trigeminal Lemniscal system are involved in: _______. |
|
Definition
| not cutaneous and involved in proprioception, reflex loop involved in mastication |
|
|
Term
| The Abeta fibers of the Trigeminal Lemniscal system are involved in: _______. |
|
Definition
| conscious proprioception and tactile sensations, vibration |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei that make up the Trigeminal Lemniscal system: _______. |
|
Definition
Chief sensory nucleus of CN V
Rostral part of the spinal nucleus of CN V and spinal tract
Mesencephalic nucleus of CN V
Motor nucleus of CN V |
|
|
Term
| Which nucleus of the Trigeminal Lemniscal system is involved in jaw movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Trigeminal Lemniscal system, incoming primary sensory afferents can synapse ________. |
|
Definition
Chief sensory nucleus
descend via spinal tract and synapse at the rostral 2/3 of the spinal nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| For the Trigeminal Lemniscal system, Secondary afferents cross the midline of the _____ and group together on the contralateral side as the ________. |
|
Definition
pons
trigeminal lemniscus |
|
|
Term
| The trigeminal lemniscus ascends in close proximity with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trigeminal lemniscus synapses on the _______ on the ipsilateral/contralateral side. |
|
Definition
Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) thalamus
Contralateral (crosses before at mid pons) |
|
|
Term
| What synapses on the VPL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The somatosensory cortex receives input from the VPM via? |
|
Definition
| Internal capsule, posterior limb |
|
|
Term
| Large diameter primary afferents of CN V carrying primarily subconscious proprioception have cell bodies that reside in the ________ nucleus of CN V. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large diameter primary afferents of CN V carrying primarily subconscious proprioception have cell bodies that reside in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V. Only ______ in CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V make synaptic contact on the _____ neurons in the ______ nucleus. |
|
Definition
motorneurons
motor nucleus of CN V |
|
|
Term
| The synaptic connection between the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V cell body and the motor nucleus of CN V is involved in __________. |
|
Definition
| reflex control of mastication, the jaw jerk refelx |
|
|
Term
| CN V Motor fibers run _______ and ______ to trigeminal ganglion on their way to peripheral muscles, but their cell bodies are located in the ________ of the fifth nerve. |
|
Definition
inferior and medial
motor nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Temporalis
Pterygoids
Masseter |
|
|
Term
| Descending control of the trigeminal lemniscus pathway occurs at: ________. |
|
Definition
chief sensory nucleus
spinal nucleus
VPM |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal lemniscus produces ipsilateral symptoms when lesioned _______. |
|
Definition
| at level of entrance to CN V and caudally (spinal tract & nucleus descends) |
|
|
Term
| Crude touch, pressure, nociception (pain) and thermal sensations for the body carried by the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Anterolateral system is made up of: __________. |
|
Definition
| spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinomesencephalic tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Nociception four processes: _______. |
|
Definition
1.Detection of noxious stimuli
2.Transduction
3. Transmission
4. Perception & Modulation |
|
|
Term
| Detection of noxious stimuli is accomplished by activation of ____________ that can detect: __________ changes above a set _______. |
|
Definition
| Activation of nociceptors, (also called pain receptors), that can detect mechanical, thermal or chemical changes above a set threshold. |
|
|
Term
| Transduction of Nociception, is the _____ activity produced by stimuli that have the potential to _______. |
|
Definition
afferent activity
damage tissue |
|
|
Term
Transmission
•Once stimulated, a nociceptive sensory unit transmits a signal along the spinal cord, to the brain conveying exposure to noxious stimuli (labeled line). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nociceptors are _____ adapting touch, ______, and _______ free nerve endings composed of only: _______ fibers. |
|
Definition
slowly adapting touch, pain, and thermal receptors
Adelta and C |
|
|
Term
| Specific Type of Nociceptor, __________. |
|
Definition
| Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels |
|
|
Term
| Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channel example, ________. |
|
Definition
| TRPV1 Receptor aka: Vanilloid receptor, VR-1, or capsaicin receptor |
|
|
Term
| Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels are ___ionic channels that lead to _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
cationinc
depolarization and firing of action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels are found on the ends of ____ & _____ fiber type endings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels are activated by? |
|
Definition
| Polymodal (heat and capsaicin (chemical)) |
|
|
Term
| Being a polymodal receptor can result in ______ for Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels. |
|
Definition
| Synergestic activation by different types of stimuli on same receptor |
|
|
Term
| TRPV1 Receptor responds to _______. |
|
Definition
| capsaicin (ingredient in hot chilies), heat and low pH |
|
|
Term
| Pain can be divided into 2 parts: __________. |
|
Definition
A first sharp pain
A prolonged, diffuse continued pain |
|
|
Term
| What fibers convey the first pain, the sharp pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibers convey the second diffuse prolonged pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral System components: _______. |
|
Definition
Spinothalamic tract (STT)
Spinoreticular tract (SRT)
Spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) |
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic tract (STT) aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinoreticular tract (SRT) & Spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinothalamic tract (STT) (neospinothalamic) |
|
|
Term
| Indirect pathway for ALS? |
|
Definition
| Spinoreticular tract (SRT) & Spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) aka paleospinothalamic |
|
|
Term
| Integrity of anterolateral system is tested clinically by assessing the function of the _______. |
|
Definition
| STT (Spinothalamic tract) |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Sig. SRT is involved with: ________. |
|
Definition
| persistent and chronic pain |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Sig. SMT is involved with: ________. |
|
Definition
| endogenous pain suppression mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| ALS tracts travel up and down the cord along the ________ before synapsing _______ |
|
Definition
dorsolateral fasciculus of Lissauer (Lissauer’s tract)
Dorsal horn. |
|
|
Term
| The three tracts of the ALS differ: ________. |
|
Definition
Relay sites
Sensory modality conveyed (e.g. temperature, crude touch, fast or slow pain)
somatotopic organization |
|
|
Term
| Small diameter primary afferents (Adelta and C fibers) of the ALS (STT) enter the dorsal horn and do one of three things: ________. |
|
Definition
Synapse immediately
Travel 2-3 segments up or down the cord in Lissauer’s tract
Synapse in dorsal horn (Lamina II, Substantia gelatinosa, SG) |
|
|
Term
| Small diameter primary afferents of the ALS (primarily ____ fibers) synapse in dorsal horn (Lamina II, Substantia gelatinosa, SG) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the C fibers of the ALS synapse on the Substantia gelatinosa, the Secondary Neurons then _________. |
|
Definition
| Travel up and down 2-3 levels via Lissauer’s tract or within the SG and then synapse in the dorsal horn |
|
|
Term
| After the C fibers of the ALS synapse in the dorsal horn, the Tertiary neuron then ________. |
|
Definition
| 3o afferents cross to form STT on contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| Lissauer’s tract is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lissauer’s tract is a subdivision of the propriospinal tract (aka, spinospinal tract) that allows __________. |
|
Definition
| communication between spinal segments |
|
|
Term
| The STT of the ALS terminates in the _______. |
|
Definition
| Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus |
|
|
Term
| STT Collaterals can terminate in: _____. |
|
Definition
PAG (midbrain)
Reticular Formation (pons) |
|
|
Term
| Projections from the VPL of the ALS terminate in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do SRT neurons cross in spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After SRT neurons cross in the spinal cord, both secondary and tertiary neurons ascend via the _______ and terminate within the _______ and _______ nuclei. |
|
Definition
| ascend via the central tegmental tract, terminate within the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
| The SRT tract includes collateral from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SMT terminates in the ______ or ______. |
|
Definition
| PAG!!! and Superior Colliculus |
|
|
Term
| The termination of SMT in the PAG is involved in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| STT has primarily _____ fibers and allows for __________ and ________. It is involved in _____ pain. |
|
Definition
allows localization & quantitation
fast (first) “pain” |
|
|
Term
| The collateral branches of STT use ____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The indirect ALS pathways refers to: _______. |
|
Definition
Collaterals from STT
SMT and SRT |
|
|
Term
| The Paleospinothalamic System or indirect path is involved in ______ pain. |
|
Definition
“second” pain
Poor localization and quantitation; Nonspecific without somatotopic map |
|
|
Term
| Paleospinothalamic System or indirect path is involved in the _____ aspect of pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the counterpart of the ALS for the face. |
|
Definition
| Ventral trigeminalthalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Adelta fibers of the Ventral trigeminalthalamic tract convey _______. |
|
Definition
| crude touch, pain (fast) and temp |
|
|
Term
| C fibers of the Ventral trigeminalthalamic system convey _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System CNS components: __________. |
|
Definition
Descending tract of CN V
Caudal spinal nucleus of CN V (nucleus caudalis) |
|
|
Term
| Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System primary afferents enter and synapse in ______, secondary afferents then ascend to the ______ through the ______ tract. |
|
Definition
CN V spinal Nucleus
(Caudalis)
VPM
Ventral Trigeminothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Ventral trigeminalthalamic tract travels with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ and trigeminal lemniscal tracts travel together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System lesion affects ______ side when below caudal pons, affecting _______ or _______. |
|
Definition
ipsilateral
Spinal tract of CN V or Peripheral n. |
|
|
Term
| Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System lesion affects ______ side when above caudal pons, affecting _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Ventral Trigeminalthalamic Tract travels in the ______ of the internal capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Ventral Trigeminalthalamic Tract terminates in the ________. |
|
Definition
| Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Auditory canal Eustachian tube) clinical significance? |
|
Definition
| A common source of middle ear infections and a real problem when scuba diving, if it becomes obstructed. |
|
|
Term
| Two skeletal muscles of the middle ear and their functions? |
|
Definition
| Two small skeletal muscles, the tensor tympani and the stapedius, that when contracted act to dampen the amplitude of excessively loud sounds. |
|
|
Term
| The cochlear duct, containing the _______, where what happens? |
|
Definition
Organ of Corti
sound waves are transduced into neural signals |
|
|
Term
| CN VIII runs up the middle of the cochela, and sends branches out to the ______ of the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The apex of the cochlea is tuned for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only the _____ hair cells act directly in a sensory manner. The ____ hair cells may help “fine-tune” the frequency-detection ability of the ________. |
|
Definition
inner
outer
basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of stereocillia occurs in what direction? |
|
Definition
| Towards the kinocilium (the apex/vertex) of the stereocillia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tip links bind the wall of one stereocilium to the K+ channel of the adjacent stereocilium |
|
|
Term
| The ______ secretes endolymph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endolymph [K+]/ Perilymphm [K+] |
|
Definition
Endloymph High
Perilymph Low |
|
|
Term
| The high concentration of K+ in the endolymph is critical for the proper _______ in response to ______. |
|
Definition
depolarization
shearing of the stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| When the stereocilia are sheared toward the kinocilium, the tip links are stretched, the K+ channels open, the membrane is depolarized, voltage-gated Ca++ channels open, and neurotransmitter is secreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upward deflection of the basilar membrane ___________. |
|
Definition
| shears the stereocilia toward the kinocilium, depolarization, a neural signal is generated. |
|
|
Term
| When the basilar membrane deflects downward ___________. |
|
Definition
| the channels close and the cell becomes hyperpolarized. |
|
|
Term
| The vestibular apparatus consists of: ________. |
|
Definition
| otolith organs (the saccule and the utricle) and the semicircular ducts. |
|
|
Term
| The macula senses ________. |
|
Definition
| changes in linear movement |
|
|
Term
| The macula is found where? |
|
Definition
| Both the saccule and the utricle |
|
|
Term
| The hair cells are embedded in a _______ instead of a tectorial membrane and have _________. |
|
Definition
gelatinous glycoprotein layer
Otoliths lie scattered along the top of the macula |
|
|
Term
| Hair cells in the macula are oriented? |
|
Definition
| half and half opposite to one another |
|
|
Term
| The saccular macula is oriented in the _______ plane, while the utricular macula is located in the _______ plane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ of each semicircular duct possesses a motion-sensing apparatus called the ______. |
|
Definition
ampullae
crista ampullaris |
|
|
Term
| The crista ampullaris bridges the two sides of the ampulla completely, thus ________. |
|
Definition
| blocking endolymph flow around it |
|
|
Term
| The hair cells of the crista ampullaris are shorter/longer than in the other motion-sensing apparatus, and are encased in a gelatinous mass called the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hair cells of the crista ampullaris are oriented _______ to the flow of endolymph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endolymph in the ampullae occurs in the ______ direction of angular acceleration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cupula is displaced towards or away from the angular acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Auditory System must be tuned for speech ____kHz |
|
Definition
| “vocalizations”-centered around 3kHz |
|
|
Term
| Outer ear components: ________. |
|
Definition
| pinna, concha, and external auditory meatus |
|
|
Term
| Where is wax secreted in the outer ear? |
|
Definition
| deepest layer of the meatus |
|
|
Term
| The outer ear amplifies and focuses sound energy on the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High-frequency sounds coming from ______ sources are transmitted more efficiently than from ______ elevations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are sound waves amplified in the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle ear is where ________ occurs, which means that _____________. |
|
Definition
"impedance matching"
sound pressure (at a particular frequency) in the air is turned into fluid pressure in the inner ear (at the same frequency) |
|
|
Term
| Components of middle ear? |
|
Definition
ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Tympanic Membrane |
|
|
Term
| The ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) connect the tympanic membrane with ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attachment series of the TM to the Oval window? |
|
Definition
| Tm -> Malleus -> Incus -> Stapes -> Oval Window |
|
|
Term
| Because the tympanic membrane is much larger than the oval window, sound wave amplitudes are magnified (many-fold) by the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles of the middle ear and their CN: _________. |
|
Definition
Tensor Tympani CN V
stapedius CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Contraction of the Tensor Tympani & Stapedius does what? and what is the name of the mechanism? |
|
Definition
Reduces flexibility of ossicles and their ability to amplify sound
"attenuation reflex" |
|
|
Term
| Auditory canal (eustachian tube) connects ______ & _______ and does what? |
|
Definition
Middle ear and nasopharynx
equalizes pressure of middle ear with enviornment |
|
|
Term
| Clinical correlate: Bell's Palsy and the ear? |
|
Definition
| Clinical correlation: Bell's Palsy. Affects CN VII; causes flaccid paralysis of the innervated muscles. Not only is there no protection against loud sounds, but even soft sounds can be "ear-splitting" (called "hyperacusis"). |
|
|
Term
| What is the actual sound detecting structure and where is it found? |
|
Definition
| cochlear duct (= the scala media) and the Organ of Corti (the actual sound-detecting structure within the cochlear duct) |
|
|
Term
| There are three, parallel chambers within the cochlea: ___________. |
|
Definition
| scala vestibuli, the scala media (or cochlear duct), and the scala tympani |
|
|
Term
| The membrane separating the scala vestibuli from the scala media is called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane separating the scala media from the scala tympani is called the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cochelar membrane plays a critical role in hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is in contact with the oval window, so it is the first chamber (scala) to receive sound waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sound waves generated by the vibrations of the oval window continue through the scala vestibuli and then through an opening at the apex called the ___________, and continue back down the cochlea in the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the sound waves progress through the scala vestibuli, the sound waves do what? |
|
Definition
| deflect the basilar membrane, causing it to vibrate |
|
|
Term
| Because the basilar membrane is ______at the base of the cochlea and more ________ at its apex, the basilar membrane has distinct acoustical properties along its length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basilar membrane is _______ organized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______-frequency sounds resonate maximally at the base of the cochlea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ -frequency sounds resonate at the apex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different ______ are detected at specific places along the basilar membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Organ of Corti consists of: __________. |
|
Definition
Hair Cells
Supporting Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transduce vibrational energy into neural signals |
|
|
Term
| The Organ of Corti lies in the ______ and is activated by __________. |
|
Definition
scala media
deflections of the basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| The Organ of Corti possesses _____ rows of outer hair cells and _____ row of inner hair cells, and extends the entire length of the cochlea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereocilia are plasma membrane extensions that are filled with ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tips of the stereocilia in the Organ of Corti are embedded in a _____-rich structure called the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tip links are linked to ______ channels. |
|
Definition
| mechanically gated K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| membranous labyrinth of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| (scala media or cochlear duct) |
|
|
Term
| bony labyrinth of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| scala vestibuli, scala tympani |
|
|
Term
| Perilymph is found where in the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
|
|
Term
| Perilymph is K+ ____ and Na + _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endolymph is found where in the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endolymph is K+ ____ and Na + _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endolymph is secreted by ______, located in the ________. |
|
Definition
| stria vascularis, a well-vascularized, stratified epithelium located in the outer wall of the s. media |
|
|
Term
| When the basilar membrane is deflected _______, the Organ of Corti also ______, imposing shear on the stereocilia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The synaptic clef at the Organ of Corti is between ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
| The hair cells and the dendrites of the bipolar spiral ganglion |
|
|
Term
| The outer hair cells are innervated (mostly) with _______ from CN ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is thought that they might function to "fine-tune" the frequency-resolving power of the cochlea by either stiffening or relaxing the tectorial membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ototoxic drugs: __________. |
|
Definition
Certain antibiotics (gentamycin, kanamycin).
Ethacrynic acid
Cisplatin |
|
|
Term
| Certain antibiotics (gentamycin, kanamycin) can be ototoxic bc they ______. |
|
Definition
| act directly on hair cells |
|
|
Term
| Ethacrynic acid is a _____ drug that is ototoxic bc ________. |
|
Definition
| A diuretic used to treat high blood pressure. Poisons the stria vascularis; endolymph production is compromised |
|
|
Term
| Cisplatin can be ototoxic bc _______. |
|
Definition
| synergize with antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Age-related hearing loss (________) is due to __________. |
|
Definition
Presbyacusis
Fine vasculature becomes compromised by plaque buildup. |
|
|
Term
| Hair cells express several ______ isoforms (________ etc.) that play important roles in sound detection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutant forms of VIIa isoform of myosin have been associated with ________, a ____________. |
|
Definition
Usher syndrome
multi-symptomatic disorder that can also lead to blindness and instability in walking. |
|
|
Term
| Various members of the ________ are mutated in non-syndromic deafness. |
|
Definition
| connexin family of gap junctional proteins (Cx26, Cx30, Cx32, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| For the vestibular system volume contained within the membranous labyrinth is filled with _______, while the space between the bone and the membranous labyrinth is filled with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two major parts of the vestibular system? |
|
Definition
Otolith organs. (The utricle and the saccule.)
Semicircular ducts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linear accelerations of the head, as well as the static position of the head, relative to gravity. |
|
|
Term
| Otolith organs (utricle and the saccule) each possess a specialized structure called the ______, which detects _______. |
|
Definition
macula
directional flow of endolymph |
|
|
Term
| Hair cells of the macula are innervated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The macula has a ____ instead of the tectorial membrane. |
|
Definition
| thick glycoprotein layer with otoliths on top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amplify slight shifts in the flow of endolymph to induce bending of the stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| otoliths are produced by? |
|
Definition
| supporting cells of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Macular hair cells are _______. |
|
Definition
| half and half oriented in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| The saccular macula is oriented _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| utricular macula is oriented ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The saccular macula is oriented vertically (and detects vertical motion), while the utricular macula is oriented horizontally (and detects horizontal motion). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semicircular ducts respond primarily to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expanded poriton of the Semicircular ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Ampulla of the Semicircular ducts contains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crista ampullaris hair cells are embedded in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cupula extends and blocks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Crista ampullaris are oriented _____ to the flow of endolymph. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When movement occurs in the plane of one of the ducts, inertia drives endolymph against one side of the crista but not the other. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If cupula displacement is in the correct direction (with respect to the orientation of the stereocilia) then the hair cells are depolarized. If the displacement is in any other direction, nothing occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If displacement does not depolarize the crista in one ear, it will depolarize the mirror-image crista in the other ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensitive to ____ - _____ dBs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ dBs ruptures the eardrum, ____ dBs is potentially damaging. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Level at which sustained exposure may result in hearing loss _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even short term exposure can cause permanent damage - Loudest recommended exposure WITH hearing protection ____ dB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ (age-related sensorineural loss) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of hearing and balance due to Slow progressive degradation, is particularly at ____ frequencies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 40% of hair cells are lost by age of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testing hearing in infants: ______. |
|
Definition
OAE – otoacoustic emission test
ABR – Auditory Brainstem Response
BAER – Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response |
|
|
Term
| The OAE (otoacoustic emission) test is completed using a probe that can generate a click, that also contains a microphone for recording the normal evoked emission. The test is simple to complete in a sleepy infant and determines inner ear related hearing problems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ABR (auditory brainstem response) test involves the use of external electrodes which can detect _____ & ________. |
|
Definition
| CN VIII and brainstem responses |
|
|
Term
| The ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response) or BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) measures responses in brain waves that are stimulated by a clicking sound to evaluate the central auditory pathways of the brainstem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ test checks for lateralization of hearing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weber Test conduction deafness- __________. |
|
Definition
| Sound lateralizes (heard best) in affected ear |
|
|
Term
| Weber Test: _______ deafness- sound lateralizes (heard best) in good ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rinne test: conduction deafness- ______ conduction is louder than ______ conduction. |
|
Definition
| bone conduction is louder than air conduction |
|
|
Term
| Rinne test: sensorineural deafness- __________. |
|
Definition
| air conduction is greater than bone conduction in both ears and decreased in affected ear? |
|
|
Term
| Middle Ear Muscles: ________. |
|
Definition
| Tensor tympani & Stapedius* |
|
|
Term
| Tensor tympani is associated with _____ ossicle and ______ nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stapedius is associated with _____ ossicle and ______ nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Middle Ear Muscles contract sharpen reception of around _____ Hz. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure wave seen in 3 chambers starting with scala _____- scala ______, then out scala _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wave along the Basilar Membrane • Does not go to the helicotrema unless it is a _____ freq sound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frequencies of sound are _______ arrayed along the length of the basilar membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 IHC connected to 10 auditory fibers = __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 auditory fiber innervates 10 OHCs = _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fibers at the base which pick up high frequency are stiff/flexible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fibers at the apex which pick up low frequency are stiff/flexible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner hair cells provide the ______. |
|
Definition
| provide CNS auditory input |
|
|
Term
| Hair cells are ______receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hair cells are _______ transducers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertical movement of the basilar membrane is translated into a shearing force that bends the stereocilia of the hair cells. The pivot point of the basilar membrane is offset from the pivot point of the tectorial membrane, so that when the basilar membrane is displaced, the tectorial membrane moves across the tops of the hair cells, bending the stereocilia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the hair cell occurs in response to the shearing of the cilia in the direction of the ________(Kinocilium). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The influx of calcium causes the release of transmitter from the basal portion of the hair cell onto the ___ nerve afferent ending. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endolymph bathes the ____ part of the hair cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unusual feature is that in the hair cell, potassium serves both to depolarize and hyperpolarize the cell. The basal and apical surfaces of the hair cell are separated by tight junctions, allowing separate extracellular ionic environments at these two surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cilia of the hair cell protrudes into the endolymph (resembles intracellular fluid that is high in K and low in Na), whereas the basal portion of the hair cell is surrounded by perilymph (resembles extracellular fluid that is high in Na and low in K) which is also present in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hair cell shearing in two directions generates ______ receptor potentials (depolarizing and hyperpolarizing) in response to a ______ sound stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hair cell shearing in two directions generates sinusoidal receptor potentials (depolarizing and hyperpolarizing) in response to a sinusoidal sound stimuli. This preserves the temporal information present in the original signal up to 3 kHz. At higher frequencies, the hair-cell potential responds with a DC offset that produces a tonic depolarization of the soma, augmenting transmitter release and thus exciting auditory nerve terminals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remember hair cells do not develop _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each Nerve Fiber and hair cell has a Characteristic ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This weakest response is the lowest threshold of the tuning curve and is called the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the tonographical order of the characteristic frequency of neurons is retained throughout the system, information about frequency is also preserved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olivocochlear Input allows for Descending _______ of auditory inputs into the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The olivocochlear input terminates on _______ or ________ leading to a decreased auditory sensitivity. |
|
Definition
| the hair cell or on the afferent fibers of IHC |
|
|
Term
| The olivocochlear input causes ___________. |
|
Definition
| OHCs to contract from the tectorial membrane and thus decrease their response to auditory input. |
|
|
Term
| In addition to the superior olive, the _______ and ________ also send input to hair cells. |
|
Definition
| medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Intensity (Loudness) depends on _______ |
|
Definition
| Degree of movement of basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| Degree of movement of basilar membrane Which determines intensity of the movement of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Pitch at _____ frequencies, according to the _____ theory, there is a _______ correlation between _______ and ________. Corresponding to ____ coding. |
|
Definition
low frequencies (up to ~ 3kHz)
volley theory
One-to one correlation
Frequency and 8th nerve firing
temporal coding |
|
|
Term
| receptor potentials of certain hair cells and their associated auditory nerve fibers can follow stimuli of up to 3 kHz in a one-to-one fashion, corresponding to temporal coding. Such real-time encoding of stimulus frequency by the pattern of action potentials in the auditory nerve is known as the “volley theory” of auditory information transfer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The combined time sequence of events is called volleying and the theory that describes it as a way of carrying information is called the “Volley Theory of Hearing”. This figures illustrates phase locking of an ensemble of auditory nerve fibers to a low frequency pure tone. Each fiber is incapable of responding to every cycle of the stimulus, but collectively they can do so. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Place Theory is reliant on the ________ of the cochlea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Place principle This initial work lead to what was called the place principle. Essentially each hair cell and neuron in the cochlea is tuned to respond to a specific frequency. This theory proposes that the brain is able to tell which frequencies are being heard based on which neurons are firing. For example, if a 2000 Hz tone is played the brain identifies it as being 2000 Hz because a specific set of neurons in the cochlea with thresholds tuned to 2000 Hz is firing. The model assumes that most of the work to tell two different frequency tones apart is done by the cochlea. It was supported by the fact that at their threshold, neurons are tuned to respond to very specific frequencies.
In labeled-line encoding, frequency information is specified by preserving the tonotopy of the cochlea at higher levels in the auditory pathway. Because the auditory nerve fibers associate with the inner hair cells in approximately a one-to-one ratio, each auditory nerve fiber transmits information about only a small part of the audible frequency spectrum. Accordingly, auditory nerve fibers at the apical end of the cochlea respond to low frequencies, and fibers that are innervating the basal region of the cochlea respond to high frequencies. Obeying the labeled line coding for audition means that each 8th nerve fiber labels a specific frequency or line. Hair cell and individual 8th nerve fiber are mutually compatible, i.e., they work together to signal a particular frequency. The brain assesses which frequencies are heard based on which 8th nerve fibers are firing and its relative position on the cochlea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ Encodes Sound Localization Through Interaural Intensity Differences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Medial Superior Olive Detects Localization of Sound Through Interaural _____ Differences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the exception of _______ & _______, lesions fail to cause monaural disability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Audiotory nerve is formed from the axons of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auditory Pathway: _______. |
|
Definition
Bipolar cells of spiral ganglion
Medulla Cochlear Nuclei
Pons: Superior Olive
Midbrain: Inferior Colliculus
Diencephalon: Medial Geniculate
Telencephalon: Superior & Transverse temporal, Heschl’s gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the 1st place where input from both ears interact? and what occurs there? |
|
Definition
Pons: Superior Olive
Localization through intensity and time differences |
|
|
Term
| primary auditory cortex is found in ______ gyri in the ________ sulcus in the _______ cortex. |
|
Definition
Heschl’s gyri
the lateral sulcus
Temporal |
|
|
Term
| The _______ of CN VIII is found where? |
|
Definition
Cochlear Nuclei
Medulla/pons behind rim of inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| The Cochlear Nuclei of CN VIII blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ipsilateral hearing loss.
(only vasculature that can) |
|
|
Term
| With decussations occurring at multiple levels, unilateral hearing loss is not seen in lesions _________. |
|
Definition
| proximal to the cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| A pontine infarct will produce trouble _______, with respect to hearing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Medial/Lateral Superior Olive Nuclei are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interaural time differences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interaural sound intensity differences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to a pontine infarct, what else can cause trouble localizing sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers from the dorsal cochlear nucleus pass dorsal to the inferior cerebellar peduncle, cross the pontine tegmentum, and ascend in the contralateral lateral lemniscus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brainstem is the first point of convergence of the input from the 2 ears, with important points of convergence occurring at the ________ (in the pons) and between the _________ (in the midbrain). |
|
Definition
superior olive
2 inferior colliculi |
|
|
Term
| The Midbrain Auditory Component, _________, is involved in the Acoustic startle reflex, conveyed in the _____ tract. |
|
Definition
Inferior colliculus
tectospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| The acoustic startle reflex pathway begins in the cochlear nuclei, to the tectum and then descends down the tectospinal tract to innervate motor neurons and spinal interneurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fiber Tract Associated with Auditory Pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Auditory Pathways the Lateral lemniscus conveys from ______ to ______. |
|
Definition
| Superior Olive (pons) to Inferior Colliculus (midbrain) |
|
|
Term
| Lesions or ischemia of the ________ can cause auditory hallucinations and sounds such as rain on the roof or musical tones (orchestra tuning up) can be heard. |
|
Definition
| pontine tegmentum (Superior Olive*, trapezoid body) |
|
|
Term
| Thalamic Auditory Component: __________. |
|
Definition
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus is the relay to ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the Brachium of inferior colliculus the auditory pathway goes to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ connects the medial geniculate to the auditory cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brodmann areas ______ primary auditory cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brodmann areas 41 & 42 are found at the ______ gyri. |
|
Definition
| Superior temporal gyrus and transverse temporal gyrus (Heschel?) |
|
|
Term
| Brodmann areas 41 & 42 at the Superior temporal gyrus and transverse temporal gyrus exhibit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unilateral hearing loss results from Disorders of the: __________. |
|
Definition
–external auditory canal
–middle ear
–Cochlea
–8th nerve
–Cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| When can it no longer be unilateral hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| Once the information enters the brainstem, information immediately crosses bilaterally at multiple levels. |
|
|
Term
| Conduction Deafness results from Interruption of sound in what part of the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduction Deafness can be caused by: ________. |
|
Definition
(Interruption of sound in external/middle ear)
–occlusion of ear canal
–rupture of the tympanic membrane
–otosclerosis
–otitis media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arthritic ossification of the middle ear bones-
-neogenesis of labyrinthine spongy bone around the oval window
-fixation of the stapes
-most frequent cause of conduction deafness
-microsurgery to make stapes mobile or replace stapes can restore hearing. |
|
|
Term
| Conductive hearing loss treatment? |
|
Definition
| Hearing aid, boost sounds to compensate for reduced efficiency of conductive apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Conduction Deafness: _______conduction is OK, ______ conduction is NOT. |
|
Definition
(Outer and Middle Ear Problems)
Bone
Air |
|
|
Term
| Bone conduction is fine in conduction deafness because? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bone conduction hearing aid: ______. |
|
Definition
| Collects sounds from the outside world & transmits to an oscillator onto the mastoid bone, and the inner ear is able to pick up the vibrations and interpret them as sound. |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural Deafness is Disease of: _________. |
|
Definition
| cochlea, cochlear nerve, or central auditory connections |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural Deafness causes: ________. |
|
Definition
Ototoxic drugs
Prolonged exposure to loud noise
Meniere’s disease
Tumor or infarct
Presbycusis |
|
|
Term
| The most damaging types of sounds are in the _____. frequencies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meniere’s disease causes: _________. |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, vertigo, tinnitus (low pitched roaring or sea shell sound), and progressive deafness. |
|
|
Term
| Tinnitus can be observed with conductive hearing loss that causes a low freq tinnitus; whereas sensorineural hearing loss causes a high freq tinnitus. It may arise because of an epileptic firing of 8th nerve after injury, high doses of salicylates, or trauma. Tinnitus is characterized by either a constant or intermittent ringing, buzzing, clicking, whistling, or chirping sound. Persistent ringing may contribute to mental health issues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual Acuity -_________. |
|
Definition
| ability to see detail, as measured on eye chart |
|
|
Term
| Dyschromatopsia -_________. |
|
Definition
inability to distinguish colors,
“color blindness" |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Vision -_________. |
|
Definition
| detection of form and movement in outer visual fields |
|
|
Term
| Visual Field Defects: ______. |
|
Definition
Scotoma – small
Anopsia - larger, e.g. Hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize, name objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double vision, perception of two images from a single object |
|
|
Term
| Refractive Errors occur when _______. |
|
Definition
| Light not focuses on retina |
|
|
Term
| Refractive Errors the image will be ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refractive Errors examples? |
|
Definition
Emmetropia (normal)
Myopia (Nearsighted)
Hyperopia (farsighted) |
|
|
Term
| Myopic (_____ sighted) _____ lenses needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperopic (_____ sighted) _____ lenses needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astigmatism – Poor focus for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astigmatism Need special _____ lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cataract is opacity of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cataracts is a loss of ______, but no specific _____ loss. |
|
Definition
| Loss of Visual Acuity, But no specific VF loss |
|
|
Term
| The macula is where _____ vision occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The macula contains the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The macula is a high density of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of Photoreceptor Function disorders: ______. |
|
Definition
| Macular Degeneration & Retinitis Pigmentosa |
|
|
Term
| Macular Degeneration results in a loss of ______ and is mainly seen in _______. |
|
Definition
Loss of central acuity
Older age group |
|
|
Term
| Retinitis Pigmentosa results in a loss of __________. |
|
Definition
| Loss of Night Vision Loss of Peripheral Vision |
|
|
Term
| Optic Nerve Diseases: ___________. |
|
Definition
Papilledema
Glaucoma
Optic Neuritis/ Optic Atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Papilledema visual loss is caused by ________ due to high intracranial pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glaucoma exhibits increased _________ as there is a loss of the _______ tissue that comprise the _________. |
|
Definition
| Increased cupping of the disc as there is loss of the rim neuro-retinal tissue (ganglion cell axons) that comprise the nerve tissue of the optic nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Rods are distributed along the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dyschromatopsias Sign of _____ or ______ disease. |
|
Definition
| macular disease or optic nerve disease |
|
|
Term
| Neural Pathway for vision: _______. |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptors, Ganglion Cells, Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, Lateral Genticulate Nucleus, Optic radiations, occipital cortex |
|
|
Term
| Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus are involved in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Hypothalamus are involved in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Superior Colliculus are involved in _______. |
|
Definition
| Coordination of head and eye movements |
|
|
Term
| Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Pretectum are involved in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mixing of pathways from two eyes first occurs in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binocular Vision gives us ______ aka depth perception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Misalignment of ocular axes |
|
|
Term
| Strabismus results in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers representing the inferior retinal quadrants (_____ visual field) run in ______ lobe. |
|
Definition
Superior
Temporal (Meyer's Loop) |
|
|
Term
| Fibers representing the superior retinal quadrants (_____ visual field) run in ______ lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After occipital lobe can travel the dorsal pathway through the _____ lobe or through the ventral pathway through the _____ lobe. |
|
Definition
Dorsal Pathway Parietal Lobe
Ventral Pathway Temporal Lobe |
|
|
Term
| The ventral pathway (temporal lobe) is involved in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dorsal pathway (parietal lobe) is involved in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Extrastriate Visual Areas form the ______ cortex and are involved in: Spatial vision and movement, Object recognition, color appreciation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superior eye fields is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inferior eye fields is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Central (Macular) vision is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral vision is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retinal Lesions causes: _________. |
|
Definition
Macular Degeneration
Vascular Disease |
|
|
Term
| Optic Nerve Lesions causes: _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions of the Optic Chiasm and Beyond (Posterior) causes: _________. |
|
Definition
| Tumors, Strokes, Trauma, etc. |
|
|
Term
| A temporal lesion of the optic radiations will? |
|
Definition
Knock out Temporal bottom quadrant of contralateral side
Nasal bottom quadrant ipsilateral side |
|
|
Term
| Left Homonymous Hemianopsia- _________. |
|
Definition
| Left side of both visual fields gone (temporal of left eye and nasal of right) |
|
|
Term
| Bitemporal Hemianopsia- ________. |
|
Definition
| Lateral knocked out both eyes. Pituitary tumor on optic chiasm |
|
|
Term
| Macular Degeneration results in _____ visual field loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unilateral vision loss is problem with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unilateral causes of visual field loss? |
|
Definition
Unilateral
1.Retinal Disease, Degenerative, Ischemic
2. Optic Nerve Disease, Glaucoma, Optic Neuritis, Ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Glacuoma causes uni/bilateral vision loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Optic Nerve: Vision and Pupil Reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oculomotor: MR, IR, IO, SR, Levator muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trigeminal: Facial and Eye Sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Facial: Facial Muscles including Orbicularis; Lacrimation |
|
|
Term
| Superior Oblique innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior Rectus innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral Rectus innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orbicularis Muscles innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior Rectus innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial Rectus innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior Oblique innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protractors: ________ and CN ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retractors: ________ and CN ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial Rectus primary action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral Rectus primary action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior Rectus primary action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior Rectus primary action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior Oblique primary action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior Oblique primary action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______– refer to single eye movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ – refers to movements of both eyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fixation is keeping eye ________. |
|
Definition
| steady on a visual target |
|
|
Term
| Fixation involves maintaining image on ________ of a ______ target. |
|
Definition
| Maintaining image on fovea of a stationary target |
|
|
Term
| Fixation requires good _____ vision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibular System Contribution aka _____. |
|
Definition
| VOR (Vestibular Occular Reflex) |
|
|
Term
| VOR (Vestibular Occular Reflex) involves maintaining _________. |
|
Definition
| Fixation with head movements |
|
|
Term
| Saccades are ______ movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid eye movements to fixate on a stationary object within the patient’s visual field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintain stable eye tracking of a slowly moving object |
|
|
Term
| _________ (Normal Nystagmus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optokinetic Nystagmus Normal Nystagmus- ________. |
|
Definition
| Following fast moving objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia |
|
|
Term
| InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia is lesion to ______ producing a _______ deficit. |
|
Definition
| Lesion to MLF – producing Ipsalateral adduction deficit |
|
|
Term
| InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia cause old people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia cause young people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gaze Palsy caused by lesions to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left Gaze Palsy from lesion to _____ or _______. |
|
Definition
| lesion in left PPRF or Left Sixth nerve nucleus |
|
|
Term
| The PPRF synapses on _______ and _______, which supply which muscles respectively (ex. right PPRF). |
|
Definition
Right Abducens nucleus (Right Lateral rectus)
Left Medial Longitudinal Fasciciulus (Left Medial Rectus) |
|
|
Term
| Pathologic Nystagmus is an inability to _________. |
|
Definition
| Inability to hold fixation with one or both eyes |
|
|
Term
| Pathologic Nystagmus is characterized by ___________. |
|
Definition
| Rhythmic beating of one or both eyes |
|
|
Term
| Seventh Nerve Palsy- Inability to _______, with _____ ocular motility deficits. |
|
Definition
Inability to close eyelids
No ocular motility deficit |
|
|
Term
| Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)- _______ deficit. |
|
Definition
| Ipsalateral adduction deficit |
|
|
Term
| Sixth Nerve Palsy – _______ deficit. |
|
Definition
| Ipsalateral abduction deficit |
|
|
Term
| Third Nerve Palsy – _______ deficit. |
|
Definition
Ipsalateral adduction deficit and
elevation deficit and depression deficit and ptosis |
|
|
Term
| Nystagmus- inability to maintain ______ with a _____ of the eyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Checking Cranial Nerves: CN II: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Checking Cranial Nerves: CN III, IV, VI: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Checking Cranial Nerves: CN V: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Checking Cranial Nerves: CN VII: ______. |
|
Definition
| Facial Muscle (close eyes and smile) |
|
|
Term
| Congenital corneal dystrophy is _____ of the cornea caused by aberrant _______. |
|
Definition
Non-inflammatory clouding of the cornea
GAG synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Blockage of aqueous humor drainage can result in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Suspensory Ligament (or ______ fibers) connects the ______ with the _________. |
|
Definition
zonule
lens with the ciliary processes |
|
|
Term
| The ora serrata: ___________. |
|
Definition
| The anterior boundary of the neural retina. |
|
|
Term
| The ________ lies just outside of the retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is the innermost layer of the eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pigment epithelium is a single row of epithelium (with microvilli) that is somewhat loosely tied to the rest of the retina. The microvilli surround the outer segments of the ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer segments of Rods and Cones contain ______ containing _______. |
|
Definition
membrane discs
visual pigments. |
|
|
Term
| The __________ phagocytose the worn-out discs of the rods and cones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pigment epithelial cells have _____ that surround rods/cones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rods and cones are surrounded by supportive cells called _____ cells, which form ________ with the photoreceptor cells. |
|
Definition
Muller
adhering junctions |
|
|
Term
| The optic disc: __________. |
|
Definition
| All of the accumulated axons from the ganglion cell layer |
|
|
Term
| For optimal translucency, the ______ layer of the cornea must be kept relatively dehydrated. This is accomplished by _______ in the ________. |
|
Definition
stromal
sodium pumps
endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Malfunction of the ________ results in stromal edema. |
|
Definition
sodium pumps of the endothelial cells
(cornea) |
|
|
Term
| Corneal dystrophies is defined as ____ of the cornea. |
|
Definition
| bilateral noninflammatory clouding of the cornea. |
|
|
Term
| Corneal dystrophies must appear by when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corneal dystrophies result from a defect in the synthesis of ________ or ______, which are common. |
|
Definition
| error in the synthesis of keratan sulfate or decorin, common glycosaminoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Corneal degenerations example: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keratopathies are caused by abnormal _______ or degeneration of ____________. |
|
Definition
| calcium deposition in Bowman's layer, or degeneration of collagen in the stroma due to excessive UV exposure. |
|
|
Term
| Corneal transplants are very effective, due in part to the __________. |
|
Definition
| avascular nature of the stroma. |
|
|
Term
| Sclera Covers the entire surface of the eye, except for the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A structure of the Scleara called the _______ marks the site of exit of the optic nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cornea-sclera junction is called the _______ & is the site of __________. |
|
Definition
limbus
corneal "stem cells" |
|
|
Term
| Aqueous humor secreted by ________. |
|
Definition
| secreted by the ciliary processes. |
|
|
Term
| Faulty drainage of aqueous humor (blockage of ______ or ________) leads to glaucoma. |
|
Definition
| trabecular meshwork or canal |
|
|
Term
iv. Drainage pattern: posterior chamber to the anterior chamber (through the pupil), anterior chamber to the trabecular meshwork, located in the limbus, trabecular meshwork to the Canal of Schlemm.
v. From the Canal of Schlemm, the aqueous humor drains into a plexus of episcleral veins that delivers it back into the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constrictor pupillae innervation? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic control (CN III) |
|
|
Term
| Dilator pupillae innervation? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic control, via the superior cervical ganglion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ciliary body is an extension of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ciliary body contraction causes _____ tension on the ___________. |
|
Definition
| decreased tension on the zonule fibers of the lens |
|
|
Term
| Ciliary body contraction results in decreased tension on the zonule fibers of the lens, allowing the lens to round up (its _____ state). This ______ focal length and accommodates for _______ vision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ciliary body innervation? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic control (CN III) |
|
|
Term
| Ciliary processes secrete into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction between the neural and non neural retina |
|
|
Term
| At the Ora serrata, the neural retina _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigmented cells to trap scattered light and vascularization (nutrition) |
|
|
Term
| Pigmented Epithelium attaches to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A potential space between the Pigmented Epithelium and Choroid is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pigmented Epithelium function? |
|
Definition
| Microvilli to engulf discs |
|
|
Term
| The Pigmented Epithelium stores and releases _______ for the __________. |
|
Definition
vitamin A
photoreceptor cells |
|
|
Term
| ______ results from the Pigmented Epithelium’s inability to phagocytose worn-out discs. |
|
Definition
| Hereditary retinal dystrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the _______, there are only cones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External limiting membrane represents? |
|
Definition
| desmosome-like junctions between the photoreceptor cells and the surrounding supporting cells, called Muller cells. |
|
|
Term
| Outer nuclear layer is comprised of? |
|
Definition
| photoreceptor cells somas |
|
|
Term
| Outer plexiform layer is where? |
|
Definition
| synapses among the axons of photoreceptor cells, bipolar neurons and horizontal cells occur. |
|
|
Term
| Horizontal cells are ________. |
|
Definition
| association neurons involved in the local processing of visual information. |
|
|
Term
| Inner nuclear layer are somas of: ______. |
|
Definition
| Somas and nuclei of (mostly) bipolar cells, plus the nuclei of Muller cells and other associational cells |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar cells are the main link between the _____ & _______> |
|
Definition
| photoreceptor cells and the ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
| Inner plexiform layer is area of synapses among: _________. |
|
Definition
| bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells |
|
|
Term
| Amacrine cells are also associational neurons involved in the local integration and processing of visual information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ only output cells of the retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ganglion Cells receive input from _____ in the eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Become myelinated as the optic nerve once they’ve exited the eye via the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The macula Contains the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The macula Contains the fovea centralis, a _____________. |
|
Definition
| depression in the retina that is composed entirely of cones. |
|
|
Term
| The macula is located ________ to the optic disc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The macula is area of _____ vision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macular degeneration is a common cause of blindness in _____ individuals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optic disc is the site of? |
|
Definition
| emergence of the accumulated, unmyelinated axons of the ganglion cells, to become myelinated as the optic nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Where does vasculature enter eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) allows visual ________. |
|
Definition
| fixation while the head is moving |
|
|
Term
| What part of the vestibular system is plastic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transduction by _______ for the vestibular system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission by __________ for the vestibular system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central processor components of vestibular system: __________. |
|
Definition
Vestibular nuclei and Cerebellum receive inputs from
vestibular portion of 8th cranial nerve |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular hair cell stereocilia are bathed in ______ (high [___]), whereas the cell body of hair cells are bathed in ______ (high [___]). |
|
Definition
endolymph high K+
perilymph high Na+ |
|
|
Term
| Hair cells do not __________. |
|
Definition
| generate action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the primary afferent of the vestibular system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior division of Vestibular Ganglia -> ___________. |
|
Definition
| Anterior and Horizontal canals, Utricle, part of Saccule |
|
|
Term
| Inferior division of Vestibular Ganglia -> ________. |
|
Definition
| Posterior canal, part of Saccule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccule ("little sack or bag") and Utricle ("small sack") are dilations of the _______ labyrinth, connected to each other by thin tubes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccule and Utricle have _____ membrane for their hair cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The otolithic membrane will be displaced by: __________. |
|
Definition
–Pull of gravity (static)
–Linear acceleration and deceleration (kinetic) of the head (translational movements) |
|
|
Term
| Inertial lag causes otolithic membrane to move in the ______ direction of acceleration / deceleration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For example, upward acceleration (ascending elevator) -> stereocilia bend ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccule and Utricle are functionally referred to as the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In utricle _____ firing rate to (tilt) gravity changes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ("thin band") separates hair cell planes in utricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccule, orientation of hair cells is ______ the striola. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Utricle, orientation is _______ the striola. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccule senses motion primarily in the _______ plane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Utricle senses motion primarily in the _______ plane. |
|
Definition
| horizontal plane (forward-backward) |
|
|
Term
| When the head is upright, many hair cells in macula of saccule are oriented vertically, whereas many hair cells in macula of utricle are oriented horizontally (mnemonic: the saccule stands). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semicircular Canals hair cell organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crista ampullaris found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crista ampullaris embedded in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Semicircular Canals, endolymph flows in ____ direction of head motion and cupulla bends in _____ direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semicircular Canals, hair cells have _____ orientation. |
|
Definition
| all same unlike in macula of utricle |
|
|
Term
| For the semicircular canals bending of stereocilia towards the kinocilium (towards utricle in _______; away from utricle in _______) activates the hair cells. |
|
Definition
horizontal semicircular canal
other two canals |
|
|
Term
| Crista ampullaris of canals convey kinetic information about __________ of the head. |
|
Definition
| angular (rotational) acceleration and deceleratio |
|
|
Term
| Internal Auditory Meatus contents? |
|
Definition
Vestibular and Auditory portion of CN 8
CN VII
Labrynith Artery |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular nuclei is found in the __________. |
|
Definition
| brainstem (pons, medulla) |
|
|
Term
| The vestibular portion of cranial nerve 8 innervates: ____________. |
|
Definition
Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei in brainstem (pons & medulla)
Ipsilateral half of vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe, parts of vermis) |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum is critical for vestibular system __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion of vestibulo- cerebellum -> _____________. |
|
Definition
| vestibular reflexes (VOR) become uncalibrated and dysfunctional (vestibular lesion- induced nystagmus). |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex circuits to ________ and ____________. |
|
Definition
brainstem gaze centers
cranial nerve nuclei 3, 4 and 6 |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulospinal projections for ______ reflexes and stabilization of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibular projections to the cerebral cortex provides __________. |
|
Definition
| conscious awareness of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| The Vestibular cortex is made up by: ________. |
|
Definition
Posterior Parietal Area (Brodmann 5)
Region Near Neck Somatosensory |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Parietal Area (Brodmann 5) of the Vestibular Cortex is involved in _______. |
|
Definition
| Perception of body orientation |
|
|
Term
| Region Near Neck Somatosensory of the Vestibular Cortex is involved in _______. |
|
Definition
| Cervical vertebrae proprioceptor area (head position) |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular Functions: __________ (VOR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory organ mainly associated with VOR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For VOR porjections from the vestibular nuclei go to: ____________. |
|
Definition
Brain stem gaze centers
CN (III, IV, VI Occulomotor, trochlear, and abducens) |
|
|
Term
| When fully operational, VOR gain = ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VOR is extremely _______ in nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VOR is extremely plastic, with gain and sign modulated by the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VOR is based on the principle of _______ for "same plane canals" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For VOR: when there is No head movement -> ______ activity in canals and cranial nerve ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extraoccular Muscle:
Horizontal canal -> __________.
Posterior canal -> ____________
Anterior canal -> ____________ |
|
Definition
Horizontal canal -> Medial and Lateral recti
Posterior canal -> Superior oblique
Anterior canal -> Superior rectus |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulospinal Tracts originate in Vestibular nuclei in the _______, primarily the lateral and medial nuclei. Then descend as medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts in _______ of spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral vestibular nucleus ipsillateral/contralateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract projects ipsilaterally to the _______ along the __________ to influence excitability of motor neurons that innervate __________. |
|
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons
entire length of the spinal cord
axial and proximal limb extensor muscles (antigravity muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract primary role is to excite ipsillateral/contralateral ______ muscles and inhibit ______ muscles. |
|
Definition
ipsilateral extensor excite
inhbit ipsilateral flexor muscles |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from _______, which convey information about ___________. |
|
Definition
utricle and saccule
gravitational pull and linear acceleration and deceleration |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract travels down the spinal cord with ______ on ______ side. |
|
Definition
bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance)
descending medial longitudinal fasciculus |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract projects bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) to ________ in ______ regions. |
|
Definition
| ventral horn motor neurons in cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract controls? |
|
Definition
| control head and neck movement |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from the ______, which convey information about ________. |
|
Definition
semicircular canals
angular acceleration and deceleration movements of head |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract is responsible for _________ during a loss of balance or a ________ motion of the body, known as the _______ reflex. |
|
Definition
stabilizes the head and neck during rotation of body and keeps head erect during loss of balance
vestibulocollic (vestibulo-cervical) reflex. |
|
|
Term
| Direction of nystagmus = direction of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vestibular-induced nystagmus, vestibular system drives the _____ eye movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Slow (tracking) component driven by _______ nuclei projecting to the _______ nuclei (i.e., ________ Reflex). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Fast (saccade) component driven by _________ and ________ project to ________. |
|
Definition
superior colliculus & frontal eye fields
brainstem lateral gaze center |
|
|
Term
| Fast Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nystagmus during and after rotation was towards the ______ horizontal canal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For peripheral UVL, direction of nystagmus will be towards ______ horizontal canal & ________ the lesion. |
|
Definition
more active
directed away from |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL) eyes drift ______ lesion, nystagmus ______ lesion. |
|
Definition
eyes drift towards lesion
nystagmus away from lesion |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): ______ semicircular canal is unopposed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean _______ lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean towards lesion, because of the __________. |
|
Definition
| Unopposed action of intact saccule and utricle |
|
|
Term
| Right Horizontal canal lesion = ____ward horizontal nystagmus (i.e., _______ side with UVL lesion) |
|
Definition
left
directed away from lesion |
|
|
Term
| Sensory organ mainly associated with VOR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For VOR porjections from the vestibular nuclei go to: ____________. |
|
Definition
Brain stem gaze centers
CN (III, IV, VI Occulomotor, trochlear, and abducens) |
|
|
Term
| When fully operational, VOR gain = ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VOR is extremely _______ in nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VOR is extremely plastic, with gain and sign modulated by the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VOR is based on the principle of _______ for "same plane canals" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For VOR: when there is No head movement -> ______ activity in canals and cranial nerve ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extraoccular Muscle:
Horizontal canal -> __________.
Posterior canal -> ____________
Anterior canal -> ____________ |
|
Definition
Horizontal canal -> Medial and Lateral recti
Posterior canal -> Superior oblique
Anterior canal -> Superior rectus |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulospinal Tracts originate in Vestibular nuclei in the _______, primarily the lateral and medial nuclei. Then descend as medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts in _______ of spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral vestibular nucleus ipsillateral/contralateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract projects ipsilaterally to the _______ along the __________ to influence excitability of motor neurons that innervate __________. |
|
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons
entire length of the spinal cord
axial and proximal limb extensor muscles (antigravity muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract primary role is to excite ipsillateral/contralateral ______ muscles and inhibit ______ muscles. |
|
Definition
ipsilateral extensor excite
inhbit ipsilateral flexor muscles |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from _______, which convey information about ___________. |
|
Definition
utricle and saccule
gravitational pull and linear acceleration and deceleration |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract travels down the spinal cord with ______ on ______ side. |
|
Definition
bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance)
descending medial longitudinal fasciculus |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract projects bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) to ________ in ______ regions. |
|
Definition
| ventral horn motor neurons in cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract controls? |
|
Definition
| control head and neck movement |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from the ______, which convey information about ________. |
|
Definition
semicircular canals
angular acceleration and deceleration movements of head |
|
|
Term
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract is responsible for _________ during a loss of balance or a ________ motion of the body, known as the _______ reflex. |
|
Definition
stabilizes the head and neck during rotation of body and keeps head erect during loss of balance
vestibulocollic (vestibulo-cervical) reflex. |
|
|
Term
| Direction of nystagmus = direction of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vestibular-induced nystagmus, vestibular system drives the _____ eye movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Slow (tracking) component driven by _______ nuclei projecting to the _______ nuclei (i.e., ________ Reflex). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Fast (saccade) component driven by _________ and ________ project to ________. |
|
Definition
superior colliculus & frontal eye fields
brainstem lateral gaze center |
|
|
Term
| Fast Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nystagmus during and after rotation was towards the ______ horizontal canal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For peripheral UVL, direction of nystagmus will be towards ______ horizontal canal & ________ the lesion. |
|
Definition
more active
directed away from |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL) eyes drift ______ lesion, nystagmus ______ lesion. |
|
Definition
eyes drift towards lesion
nystagmus away from lesion |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): ______ semicircular canal is unopposed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean _______ lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean towards lesion, because of the __________. |
|
Definition
| Unopposed action of intact saccule and utricle |
|
|
Term
| Right Horizontal canal lesion = ____ward horizontal nystagmus (i.e., _______ side with UVL lesion) |
|
Definition
left
directed away from lesion |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral UVL most commonly caused by: ______________. |
|
Definition
–Vestibular neuritis or laybrinthitis
–Vascular infarct
–Acoustic neuroma (vestibular Schwannoma) - usually accompanied by hearing loss) |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Bilateral Vestibular Lesion (BVL) commonly caused by: ______________. |
|
Definition
–Ototoxic antibiotics: aminoglycosides antibiotics such as kanamycin, neomycin, amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin
–Idiopathic |
|
|
Term
| In BPPV: Otoliths become displaced from otolithic membrane in _______ and migrate into a _________. |
|
Definition
utricle
semicircular canal (usually posterior canal, usually unilateral) |
|
|
Term
| Otoliths in canal make it dysfunctionally ___________. |
|
Definition
| responsive to gravity during head movements |
|
|
Term
| BPPV: Signs and symptoms: __________. |
|
Definition
| vertigo and nystagmus during head movement (rolling over in bed, bending down). |
|
|
Term
BBPV: Otoliths either: 1. Float free in canal endolymph (inducing convection waves that deflect cupula) = ______
2. Much less commonly, adhere directly to cupula = ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BPPV on right side:
Right Posterior SCC involvement -> _______excited -> ________ nystagmus with right torsion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BPPV on right side:
Right Anterior SCC involvement -> _______excited -> ________ nystagmus with right torsion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BPPV on right side:
Right Anterior SCC involvement -> _______excited -> ________ nystagmus with no torsion torsion. |
|
Definition
hyper
right horiztonal nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| The nystagmus is _____ affected side in BBPV. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BPPV vs. Peripheral UVL: Which one has spontaneous Nystagmus? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral UVL (BBPV doesn't) |
|
|
Term
| BPPV nystagmus can be _______. |
|
Definition
| elicited with provocational tests, not spontaneous |
|
|
Term
| Meniere’s syndrome is an _______, which causes _______. |
|
Definition
| over-production of endolymph, which produces auditory and vestibular disturbances, including attacks of vertigo, nausea, vomiting, pathological nystagmus, and sensorineural hearing loss. |
|
|
Term
Nystagmus distinguishes PNS vs. CNS lesion:
1. Effect of Visual fixation
–PNS origin: nystagmus is _______
–CNS origin: nystagmus is _______ |
|
Definition
PNS: reduced
CNS: unchanged |
|
|
Term
Nystagmus distinguishes PNS vs. CNS lesion:
3.Effect of Gaze
–PNS origin: _____________
–CNS origin: __________ |
|
Definition
PNS: nystagmus increases with gaze towards direction of quick phase (Alexander's law)
CNS: Nystagmus does not have gaze dependency |
|
|
Term
Nystagmus distinguishes PNS vs. CNS lesion:
2. Direction of nystagmus:
–PNS origin: primarily ________.
–CNS origin: ___________. |
|
Definition
PNS: horizontal, with some torsion
CNS: pure upbeating or pure downbeating or pure torsional, or pendular |
|
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