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Neuro test 3
2/21 Learning and memory
51
Dentistry
Graduate
02/26/2014

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Cards

Term
What is an adaptive change in behavior brought about by experience and involving a CNS neuronal mechanism?
Definition
learning
Term
True or false:

plastic changes can occur anywhere in nervous system and learning involves the CNS and PNS.
Definition
False

plastic changes can occur anywhere in nervous system, but learning only in CNS
Term
What is the storage and recall of a past experience?
Definition
memory
Term
What are the 2 types of memory?
Definition
Declarative memory
Procedural
Term
What type of memory is accessible to conscious recollection and can be "verbalized"?
Definition
Declarative memory
Term
What type of memory is involved with skill, habit?
Definition
Procedural
Term
True or false:

Memory that is declarative at one point in time can become procedural in another point in time.
Definition
True

ex: golfers, pianists (had to think about to get to the key and then you don't have to think about the finger placement anymore/can do them much faster)
Term
What is another name for procedural memory?
Definition
implicit memory
Term
What 3 things are associated with implicit memory and where in the brain do they come from?
Definition
skills and habits (playing piano)-striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum

emotional associations (where you associate emotion with an object) - amygdala

conditional reflexes-cerebellum
Term
What is the term for a repeating stimuli together makes an association
Definition
classical conditioning

(bell, food, and the dog)
Term
Where does information from the example of the eye and air puff tactile merge together and store in the brain?
Definition
cerebellum
Term
What are the types of declarative (explicit) memory and what types of memory are they for?
Definition
Semantic (memory for information- ex: info for a test)

Episodic (memory for personal experiences - ex: what you had for breakfast)
Term
What are some strategies to memorize?
Definition
Repeating information
Drugs
Images
Relationships (Songs, limericks, etc.)
Term
What are the 2 process to human declarative memory?
Definition
encode memory
recall (retrieve) memory
Term
In the human declarative memory, at what process are memories easily disrupted?
Definition
Encode memory-Memories easily disrupted in initial stages of encoding
Term
In human declarative memory, recall memory appears distributed in what part of the brain?
Definition
cortex
Term
True or false:

After ECS (electroconvulsive shock) retrograde memory is lost and does not return over time.
Definition
False

After ECS (electroconvulsive shock) retrograde memory appears lost but returns over time, therefore the memory was not lost, only transiently unrecoverable - similar to anesthesia
Term
A patient undergoes surgery to treat his epilepsy and the surgeon excises the medial temporal area including the hippocampal structures, would the patient lose procedural or declarative memory?
Definition
declarative (episodic remembering)
Term
True or false:

The hippocampus is only involved with olfaction and emotion.
Definition
False

olfaction, emotion, AND memory (site of short to long term memory encoding)
Term
What is the site of short to long term memory encoding in the brain?
Definition
hippocampus
Term
If a patient damages their left temporal lobe and medial thalamus, what type of amnesia would you expect?
Definition
Severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory

Mostly verbal amnesia (left temporal=language; right=mapping)
Term
True or false:

Memory is lateralized.
Definition
True

(ex: taxi drivers - route recall: right side of brain lit up
verbal recall: left side of brain lit up)
Term
What field of the hippocampus is the most sensitive in the brain to ischemia?
Definition
CA1
Term
A patient with ischemic damage to CA1 field of hippocampus will have anterograde or retrograde amnesia?

What other cognitive functions were affected?
Definition
anterograde (can remember all old events)

Other cognitive functions unaffected
Term
Where would you expect the damage for a patient who had excellent recall memory for declarative events that occurred prior to surgery and excellent procedural memory for new tasks, but near total amnesia for all later declarative events.
Definition
damage to CA1 field of hippocampus
Term
Is the hippocampus important for declarative memory, procedural memory, or both?
Definition
Hippocampus important for declarative but not procedural memory
Term
CA1 is critical to declarative memory, procedural memory, or both?
Definition
CA1 critical to declarative memory
Term
What lobe has function in emotional memory?
Definition
Temporal lobe has function in emotional memory
Term
True or false:

There are circuits within the brain that decide what information goes via a particular circuit.
Definition
True
Term
If a monkey learned to reach under and grab a Life Saver but then you lesioned the amygdala or the hippocampus, will the monkey still be able to reach for the Life Saver?
Definition
Yes

motor task is a procedural task and not effected by amygdala and hippocampus (Hippocampal damage does not alter motor skill)
Term
If a monkey with an amygdala lesion is asked to match an image that they have not seen before with an increased delay, will they be able to do it?

If they have a hippocampal lesion will they be able to do it?
Definition
amygdala-yes, because it is associated with emotion

hippocampus- no, disturbs declarative learning
Term
If a lesion in the hippocampus is made immediately after a monkey learns to perform a task, will the monkey be able to still perform it?

What if the lesion is made a month after?

Why is this?
Definition
No

Yes

Hippocampal formation affects memory consolidation not memory retrieval
Term
True or false:

The hippocampus is not only involved in memory consolidation but also in recall of multi-modal memories.
Definition
True

that hippocampus “ties” areas together that encode part of memory, e.g., visual, auditory and somatosensory areas for “spatial” cortical memory recall -- however, hippocampus is NOT involved with normal, individual information recall
Term
Which of the following areas is least associated with the brain's ability to remember a spatial map?

a) cerebellum
b) cingulate/retrosplenial cortex
c) entrohinal cortex
d) hippocampus
Definition
cerebellum
Term
What part of the brain is involved in memory, especially spatial memory and autonomic responses to learning/memory
Definition
Midline (cingulate) cortex
Term
Ar hormonal inputs more impingent on the amygdala or the hippocampus
Definition
amygdala
Term
What does the amygdala store?
Definition
emotion (NOT declarative)
Term
True or false:

Unlike the hippocampus, the amygdala is not lateralized.
Definition
False

Like the hippocampus, the amygdala is lateralized
Term
True or false:

Aversion memory demonstrates other mechanisms involved in different types of memory.
Definition
True

Aversion memory (getting sick from eating food)
Term
Aging or dementia:

slow shrinkage due to loss of synapses in neuropil
Definition
aging (slower cognitive processes so it's more difficult for them to recall that memory)
Term
Aging or dementia:

exaggerated shrinkage due to loss of neurons and synapses in neuropil
Definition
dementia
Term
As humans age past 18 years, brain weight begins a gradual decline, mostly due to a loss of ________.
Definition
synapses
Term
What are the 3 stages of memory timing?
Definition
Learning
Memory
Forgetting
Term
What is memory term for seconds-minutes?

minutes to hours?

hours to days?

day-years-lifetime?
Definition
Immediate-term (seconds-minute)
Short-term (minutes to hours)
Intermediate (hours to days)
Long-term (days-years-lifetime)
Term
True or false:

Forgetting occurs late in the memory process.
Definition
False

Occurs early in the memory process
Term
True or false:

Not all that is learned is remembered
Definition
True

Readily forget what is unimportant
Automation activities
Term
You will forget _____% of declarative events over 14 years.
Definition
50
Term
True or false:

Forgetting is an active process
Definition
True
Term
Blocking _______ receptors will extend memory/no new memories can occur.
Definition
NMDA
Term
True or false:

Competing memories interfere with memory consolidation
Definition
True

if you have competing memories without NMDA blockage, the competing memory of higher salience will be remembered. The lower salience one will be forgotten
Term
_________ memory is basically cerebellum and striatum.

_________ memory is more the hippocampus and cortex.
Definition
Procedural memory is basically cerebellum and striatum.

Declarative memory is more the hippocampus and cortex.
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