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Neuro Test 3
2/17 Neuroendocrine
65
Dentistry
Graduate
02/23/2014

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Term
What forms the floor and ventral walls of the 3rd ventricle and is continuous through the infundibular stalk of the posterior pituitary
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What are the (4) functions of the hypothalamus?
Definition
controls blood flow (cardiac output, vasomotor tone, blood osmolarity, renal clearance).

regulates energy metabolism (monitors blood glucose, regulates feeding, digestive functions, metabolic rate and body temperature).

regulates reproductive activity (influences gender identity, sexual orientation, mating behavior, menstrual cycles, pregnancy and lactation)

coordinates responses to threatening conditions (controls release of stress hormones, balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, and regional blood flow).

4Fs- fighting, fleeing, feeding, and f***ing
Term
True or false:

The hypothalamus is a cluster of about 50 interconnected nuclei.
Definition
True
Term
What subdivision of the hypothalamus is the depressor (reduction of BP) and thirst, temperature regulation?
Definition
anterior hypothalamic area
Term
What subdivision of the hypothalamus is the pressor center (elevation of BP) , temperature regulation
Definition
Posterior hypothalamic area
Term
What subdivision of the hypothalamus is for water balance, oxytocin and vasopressin release
Definition
paraventricular nucleus
Term
What subdivision of the hypothalamus is for osmoregulation, water balance, vasopressin release
Definition
Supraoptic nucleus
Term
What subdivision of the hypothalamus is for feeding center, energy balance
Definition
Lateral hypothalamic
area
Term
What division of the hypothalamus is the satiety center, energy balance
Definition
ventromedial nucleus
Term
What division of the hypothalamus is for circadian rhythms
Definition
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Term
What division of the hypothalamus is for sexual differentiation, sexual behavior, reproductive function
Definition
Preoptic area
Term
What (2) divisions of the hypothalamus is dopaminergic neurons (important for reproductive behavior)
Definition
Dorsal hypothalamic area
arcuate nucleus
Term
What subdivision of the hypothalamus is the final common pathway to the pituitary
Definition
median eminence
Term
True or false:

The hypothalamus integrates somatic activity and the endocrine system
Definition
False

The hypothalamus integrates autonomic activity and the endocrine system
Term
Neurons located along the wall of the __________ manufacture peptides known as releasing or inhibiting factors that control the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
Definition
3rd ventricle
Term
Where do the axons of the neurons located along the wall of the 3rd ventricle that manufacture releasing or inhibiting factors project their axons to?
Definition
to the median eminence at the hypothalamus pituitary junction.
Term
True or false:

The axons of the neurons manufacturing releasing or inhibitions factors peptides directly into the portal circulation that supplies the pituitary.
Definition
True
Term
Neurons located along the wall of the 3rd ventricle manufacture peptides known as releasing or inhibiting factors that control the secretion of hormones by the (anterior or posterior) pituitary
Definition
anterior
Term
The paraventricular and and supraoptic nuclei contain neurosecretory neurons whose axons descend into the (anterior or posterior) pituitary
Definition
posterior
Term
The paraventricular and and supraoptic neurosecretory neurons can secrete what into the blood?
Definition
These neurons can also secrete oxytocin or vasopresson (antidiurectic) into the blood.
Term
GHRH (GH releasing factor) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?

What hormone is released?

What is the target?
Definition
anterior (somatotroph)

GH

Liver, adipose tissue
Term
TRH (thyrotropin RH) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?

What hormone is released?

What is the target?
Definition
anterior (thyrotroph)

TSH

Thyroid cells
Term
CRH (corticotropin RH) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?

What hormone is released?

What is the target?
Definition
anterior (corticotroph)

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Adrenal cortex (steroids)
Term
GnRH (gonadotropin RH) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?

What hormone is released?

What is the target?
Definition
anterior (gonadotroph)

FSH; LH

gonads (Leydig cells: spermatogenesis, testosterone: ovary follicular cells: estrogen and progestin
Term
AVP works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?

What is the target?
Definition
Posterior (AVP)

collecting duct (increase H20 permeability)
Term
OT works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?

What is the target?
Definition
Posterior (OT)

Uterus and breast
Term
The hierarchical feedback control is under the influence of the ________ which causes the hypothalamus to release _____, which stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ______, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to release_______ (this hormone acts on a number of effector organs).
Definition
Under the influence of the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus releases CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. The cortisol acts on a number of effector organs.
Term
In the hierarchical feedback control, the cortisol released by the adrenal cortex feeds back on what 2 glands?
Definition
anterior pituitary (stops ACTH production)

hypothalamus (stops CRH production)
Term
In the simple feedback loop, the hormone released may affect a second target and feeds back on the original _______ cell.
Definition
sensor
Term
True or false:

The pituitary (or hypophysis) is 1 gland.
Definition
False

The hypothalamo-pituitary axis. The pituitary (or hypophysis) is actually two glands-an anterior pituitary and a posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis).
Term
What controls the secretion of hormones by the pituitary?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Anterior pituitary hypothalamic neurons in several nuclei that surround the third ventricle (the arcuate, the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei, and the medial preoptic and periventricular regions) secrete releasing and inhibitory factors into a funnel-shaped plexus of capillaries that penetrates the _________ and surrounds the ____________
Definition
median eminence

infundibular recess
Term
The funnel-shaped plexus of capillaries in the hypothalamus coalesce into long portal veins and carry the factors to the ___________.

Other cells secrete into capillaries that make up the short portal veins and deliver releasing factors to the _______ cells that secrete GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL
Definition
anterior pituitary

troph
Term
What are the regions of the 3rd and 4th ventricles that lack the blood-brain barrier.
Definition
circumventricular organs (good for drug treatment)
Term
True or false:

Circumventricular organs are highly vascularized and the capillaries are fenestrated such that high molecular weight substances can pass from blood to brain.
Definition
True
Term
What are the specialized cells in the circumventricular organs that connect the ventricle to the adjacent neural tissue?
Definition
tanycytes
Term
What tanycte cells contain (3)?
Definition
receptors for neurotransmitters
hormones that control fluid volume
molecules involved with electrolyte balance and cardiac function.
Term
True or false:l

Neurons in circumventricular organs project to other areas involved with neuroendocrine and cardiac control
Definition
True
Term
What is NOT included in the circumventricular organ?

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
anterior pituitary
median eminence
area postrema
anterior periventricular region surrounding the 3rd ventricle.
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
What large neurons of the hypothalamus synthesize the hormones AVP and OT?
Definition
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
Term
AVP and OT travel down the axons of the hypothalamic neurons to the _________ pituitary where the nerve terminals release the hormones into a _____________.
Definition
AVP and OT travel down the axons of the hypothalamic neurons to the posterior pituitary where the nerve terminals release the hormones into a plexus of blood vessels
Term
True or false:

Since the anterior pituitary is one of the circumventricular organs where the blood brain barrier is breached, the secreted vasopressin and oxytocin can get into the general circulation
Definition
Since the POSTERIOR pituitary is one of the circumventricular organs where the blood brain barrier is breached, the secreted vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) can get into the general circulation
Term
Is prolactin released by the anterior or posterior pituitary?

what is the major target organ?

What is the major physiologic effect?
Definition
anterior

mammary gland

milk production
Term
What hormone controls protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism?
Definition
growth hormone (and promotes growth indirectly)
Term
What hormone stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
Definition
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Term
What hormone stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
What hormone(s) control reproductive function?
Definition
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Term
What hormone conserves body water?
Definition
vasopressin
Term
what hormone stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions?
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
What neurons produce GnRH?

What do they release it?
Definition
Neurons in the arcuate nucleus and preoptic area
produce GnRH
release it near the portal vessels in the median eminence.
Term
Blood vessels in the median eminence convey GnRh to the _________ in the anterior pituitary
Definition
gondotropes
Term
True or False:

The release of GnRh is pulsatile (1/hr)
Definition
True

so there is corresponding pulsatile release of LH and FSH
Term
LH causes the testes to produce _______ and FSH causes the _______ cells to synthesize a number of products needed by the ______ cells and the developing spermatogonia
Definition
testosterone

Sertoli

Leydig
Term
ACTH release by is stimulated by CRH from the _________ of the hypothalamus.

ACTH is released by the ________ cells in the ant pituitary
Definition
paraventricular nucleus

corticotrope
Term
In the adrenal cortex, ACTH binds to __________ receptors and the effect is to simulate the formation of cortisol.
Definition
melanocortin 2
Term
What (3) things does cortisol affect?
Definition
liver (glucose synthesis)
muscle (protein breakdown to release amino acids)
adipose tissue (mobilization of fat).
Term
The ____________ and perhaps the _________ of the hypothalamus synthesize thyrotropin releasing hormone which stimulates the release of thyrotropin (TSH) from the _________ of the anterior pituitary.
Definition
arcuate nucleus and median eminence

thryotrophs
Term
What hormone stimulates the cells of the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones that act on many tissues.
Definition
TSH
Term
True or false:

The pituitary secrets PRL at low rates throughout life in females only.
Definition
False

The pituitary secrets PRL at low rates throughout life in both males and females. However, its major function is important only in females and then only at specific times
Term
PRL would be secreted at high levels but release is tonically inhibited by ___________ from the arcuate nucleus
Definition
dopamine (prolactin inhibitory factor)
Term
During breast simulation, neural afferents inhibit _______ release which relieves the lactotrophs of the tonic inhibition.
Definition
dopamine
Term
______ release from the hypothalamus is stimulated by suckling. This causes increased milk production.
Definition
TRH
Term
_________ increases the sensitivity of the lactotrophs to TRH and decreases the sensitivity to dopamine.
Definition
estradiol
Term
input from neurons in the ___________ inhibit neurons in the arcuate and preoptic areas of the hypothalamus which causes a reduction in the release of GnRH.

This in turn inhibits the _______ cycle.
Definition
spinal cord

ovarian
Term
input from cells in the ________ causes increased synthesis and release of oxytocin into the posterior pituitary.

Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection.
Definition
spinal cord
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