Term
| The autonomic nervous system is distinct from the somatic system which controls ________ muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| The autonomic nervous system works in concert with the endocrine system and other organ systems to maintain ___________. |
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Definition
| homeostasis-the constancy of the internal environment |
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Term
True or false:
One of the main roles of the ANS is to provide sensory input from organ systems |
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Definition
False
One of the main roles of the ANS is to provide motor outflow to organ systems |
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Term
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?
What are the 2 levels of organization of the 2 divisions? |
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Definition
The sympathetic division
The parasympathetic division
the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons |
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Term
True or false
The parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS innervate the same organs most of the time. However, the effects of activation of the sympathetic pathway are typically opposite to those that result from activation of the parasympathetic pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| The thoracolumbar system is sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell column do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system lie in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord between the 1st thoracic (T1) and 3rd lumbar segment (L3). |
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Term
True or False:
Axons from preganglionic neurons exit the cord via the contralateral ventral spinal nerve of that segment and synapse on the “ganglionic” neurons in the sympathetic ganglia |
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Definition
False
Axons from preganglionic neurons exit the cord via the IPSILATERAL ventral spinal nerve of that segment and synapse on the “ganglionic” neurons in the sympathetic ganglia |
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Term
Which lies close to the spinal cord? pre vertebral ganglia or paravertebral ganglia
Which lies further away? |
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Definition
| The ganglia that lie close to the spinal cord are the paravertebral ganglia, while other ganglia, the prevertebral ganglia, lie further away. |
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Term
| Where do the sympathetic motor neurons receive sensory input from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the sensory neuron cell bodies lie? |
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Definition
| in the dorsal root ganglia |
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Term
True or false
Sensory neuron cell bodies send processes both into the periphery and into the spinal cord through the dorsal root |
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Definition
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Term
| Visceral sensory neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia transmit information from innervated visceral organs to interneurons in the spinal cord to complete autonomic _________ at the spinal level |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
preganglionic axons of the sympathetic system can be myelinated or unmyelinated |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different routes that the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic system can take? |
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Definition
can project to the paravertebral ganglion associated with the segment
to neighboring paravertebral ganglia through the sympathetic chain
to postganglionic neurons located distally in the pre vertebral ganglia
through one of the autonomic nerves (splanchnic nerve) |
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Term
| Will you find sympathetic preganglionic neurons for the head more rostrally or caudally? |
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Definition
rostally
sympathetic preganglionic neurons are organized “viscerotopically” so that innervation of structures in the head originate rostrally, while output to the GI tract and other organs are most caudal |
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Term
| What structure is considered to be a modified sympathetic ganglion that functions as an an endocrine organ and releases epinephrine into the blood stream as well as other molecules.? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
The pre vertebral ganglia and each associated plexus are named after the artery with which they are associated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the craniosacral division sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system found? |
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Definition
| nuclei in the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord |
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Term
| Where are the parasympathetic ganglia found? |
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Definition
| close to or within the target tissue |
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Term
True or false:
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are short and travel along predictable routes |
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Definition
False
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are very long and travel along predictable routes |
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Term
| Clusters of parasympathetic neurons in the organs themselves are called ________, because they are less tightly packed than sympathetic ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
The cells receive input from sensory neurons within the organ itself. |
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Definition
parasympathetic
(sympathetic motor neurons receive sensory input from peripheral targets) |
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Term
Somatic or autonomic?
motor neurons of the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei project directly to muscles to form neuromuscular junctions |
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Definition
| somatic (striated muscle) |
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Term
somatic or autonomic?
motor neurons in the central nervous system project to peripheral postganglionic neurons that in turn innervate muscles |
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Definition
| autonomic (smooth muscle) |
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Term
True or false:
cranial nerve nuclei are clusters of sympathetic preganglionic neurons |
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Definition
False
cranial nerve nuclei are clusters of PARASYMPATHETIC preganglionic neurons |
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Term
True or false:
some cranial nerve nuclei of the parasympathetic systems generate motor commands out, others receive sensory input and others are mixed |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most extensive parasympathetic system circuit that projects to the viscera of the thorax |
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Definition
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Term
| Visceral and somatic afferents consist of different populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons which project to which laminas of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
The visceral and somatic afferents follow different trajectories and end in different distributions and densities within the spinal cord. |
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Definition
False
The visceral and somatic afferents follow SIMILAR trajectories and end in different distributions and densities within the spinal cord. (visceral more anteriolateral cell column) |
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Term
True or false:
The enteric nervous system is only slightly innervated |
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Definition
False
The enteric nervous system is comprised of extensive networks (plexuses) of ganglia (gets input from sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
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Term
| What is the plexus located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the enteric wall? |
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Definition
| myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus (a dense network) |
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Term
| What is the plexus located in the circular muscle layer and the inner mucosal layer? |
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Definition
| the submucosal or Meissner’s plexus |
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Term
| Besides the auerbach's and meissner's plexuses, what are other plexuses located in the enteric system? |
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Definition
| deep muscular plexus, periglandular plexus, and villous plexus |
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Term
True or false
The autonomic ganglia are tight cell bodies. |
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Definition
False
We tend to think of autonomic ganglia being tight cells bodies, but in reality they can be quite loosely packed and extend over a large area. |
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Term
| The autonomic and enteric nervous systems arise from _________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of neural crest cells arise in somites 1-7? |
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Definition
| vagal (neck) NC arises opposite somites 1-7 |
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Term
| What type of neural crest cells arise posterior to somite 28? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neural crest cells generate the enteric NS (the gut) and the sacral parasympathetic NS? |
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Definition
Vagal (neck) NC (arises opposite somites 1-7)
sacral NC (arises posterior to somite 28)
(These neural crest cells migrate down into the developing gut and form the enteric nervous system along with the sacral parasympathetic nervous system. The neural crest cells are found at the tips of the folds as they rise up before they fuse, they migrate down into the developing body to take residence in the tissue.) |
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Term
| What is the condition called due to a failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the colon resulting in absence of enteric ganglia and the absence of peristaltic activity? |
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Definition
| megacolon (a functional obstruction and dilation of the colon and enlargement of the region just above the colon) |
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Term
True or false:
There are few neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in the enteric nervous system. |
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Definition
False
Since there are so many pieces to the enteric nervous system, you would expect that the number and diversity of neurotransmitters would be incredible. |
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Term
Where are the sympathetic system preganglionics for the head and neck (blood vessels, sweat glands, piloerector muscles)?
Where are the ganglionic neurons?
What are the effects that it brings to head and neck (3)? |
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Definition
upper thoracic spinal cord
superior cervical ganglion
vasoconstriction, piloerection and perspiration. |
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Term
| What results from the sympathetic innervation of the heart (3)? |
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Definition
increased heart rate
increased stroke volume
dilation of coronary arteries. |
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Term
| The functions of the autonomic system are complex, and many of them are best lumped together by the term “_______________” |
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Definition
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Term
Where are the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons for the heart?
Where are the ganglionic neurons?
What is the effect on the heart? |
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Definition
nucleus ambiguus
cardiac plexus
reduce heart rate |
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Term
The preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems utilize what neurotransmitter at the synapse with the ganglionic neurons?
What receptors mediate the effect? |
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Definition
acetylcholine
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. |
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Term
What transmitter do the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system release?
What is the receptor that mediates the response? |
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Definition
acetylcholine
muscarinic receptors |
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Term
What transmitter do the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system release?
What is the receptor that mediates the response? |
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Definition
norepinephrine
affects several types of receptors |
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Term
True or false:
The pharmacology of the autonomic system is complex with neurotransmitter effects mediated by many receptor subtypes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenergic alpha one receptors as found in the eye, bladder, etc will cause contraction of the smooth muscle in some tissues and relaxation of smooth muscle in others when exposed to what transmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
Choose the incorrect statement:
a) ATP is made from adenosine
b) ATP is packed into either large dense core or small synaptic type vesicles
c) ATP is always released by itself
d) After release, ATPase and other enzymes break it down
e) When ATP is broken down, adenosine can be taken up again |
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Definition
c) ATP is always released by itself
(ATP can be released along with another transmitter, or by itself) |
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Term
Stimulation of a postganglionic sympathetic neuron causes how many phases of contraction of a vascular smooth muscle cell?
What transmitters are involved with these phases? |
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Definition
3
1) ATP (rapid phase)
2) norepinephrine
3) neuropeptide Y (NPY) (slowest phase) |
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Term
What neurotransmitter binds to a P2X purinoceptor (a ligand-gated cation channel) on the smooth muscle cell, leading to depolarization, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, increased [Ca2+]i?
What phase of contraction is this? |
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Definition
ATP
rapid phase (first phase) |
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Term
What neurotransmitter binds to an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor, which, via a Gq/PLC/IP3 cascade, leads to Ca2+ release from internal stores?
What phase of contraction is this? |
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Definition
norepinephrine
second phase |
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Term
What receptor binds to a Y1 receptor and somehow causes an increase in [Ca2+]?
What phase of contraction is this? |
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Definition
NPY
slowest phase (3rd phase) |
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Term
| What is the unusual neurotransmitter made from L-arginine and a cofactor, citrullline? |
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Definition
| Nitric oxide (by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase) |
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Term
True or false:
Nitric oxide, like other neurotransmitters, is released at a synapse. |
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Definition
False
It is a gas so it can diffuse across membranes and does not need to be released at a synapse. |
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Term
| Stimulation of a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron on vascular smooth muscle cell involves what two neurotransmitters in the first phase? |
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Definition
| nitric oxide (NO) and acetylcholine |
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Term
| In postganglionic parasympathetic, the neuron releases _______, which diffuses to the smooth muscle cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| In postganglionic parasympathetic, ____________ binds to M3 muscarinic receptors(G-protein linked) on endothelial cells, leading to the production of more nitric oxide, which also diffuses to the smooth muscle cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| In postganglionic parasympathetic, nitric oxide raises the concentration of ________ in smooth muscle cells. |
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Definition
| cGMP (nitric oxide increases activity go gaunylyl cyclase which makes cGMP) |
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Term
| Does cGMP contract or relaxes muscles? |
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Definition
| relaxes (parasympathetic) |
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Term
| In the second phase of the postganglionic parasympathetic, which tends to occur more with prolonged or intense stimulation, the neuropeptide _______ (or a related peptide) binds to receptors on the smooth muscle cell and causes a delayed relaxation via an increase in [cAMP]i or a decrease in [Ca2+ ]i. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
Because of this complexity, the autonomic system has been a target for drugs for specific problems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Visceral and cutaneous afferents release transmitters from the ________ family |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripherally generated action potentials produce a local release of ________ in the affected terminals and in terminals of the peripheral collaterals |
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Definition
tachykinins (cause neurogenic inflammation)
(also, when action potentials are generated peripherally, they are propagated centrally-up axon, past DRG, and into spinal cord) |
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Term
True or false:
A central autonomic network coordinates autonomic function. |
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Definition
True
So control is reflexive, and occurs without the person’s being aware of it |
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Term
| Sensory input from the aortic arch, and carotid sinus, that contains information about cardiac output ( blood pressure, etc.) is sent to the ______, and the circuit activates preganglionic neurons in the ______ spinal cord. These in turn activate ganglionic neurons in the ________ that provide input to the heart. |
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Definition
| Sensory input from the aortic arch, and carotid sinus, that contains information about cardiac output ( blood pressure, etc.) is sent to the BRAIN STEM, and the circuit activates preganglionic neurons in the THORACIC spinal cord. These in turn activate ganglionic neurons in the SYMPATHETIC CHAIN that provide input to the heart |
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Term
True or false:
The ANS maintains physiological parameters within ideal ranges by feedback loops |
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Definition
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Term
| Homeostasis is maintained by monitoring ________ and adjusting ANS ______ so that parameters are kept near an internal set point. |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in blood pressure causes a reflex (increase or decrease) in sympathetic input and an (increase or decrease) in parasympathetic input to the heart. |
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Definition
| an increase in BP causes a reflex decrease in sympathetic input and an increase in parasympathetic input to the heart. |
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Term
True or false:
The ANS can anticipate future needs. |
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Definition
True
For example when one begins to exercise, sympathetic output increases before metabolic need increases. For example, alveolar ventilation at the beginning of exercise rises rapidly so that blood levels of CO2 actually drop. |
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Term
True or false:
Information from the viscera usually always reaches the cortex. |
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Definition
False
Most information from the viscera never reaches the cortex and we are usually unaware of the constant activity of the ANS due to local feedback loops in the organs themselves such that sensory information from the organ can modulate autonomic outflow to that organ |
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Term
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are found
a) in the intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord
b) in the dorsal root ganglia
c) in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
d) in the brainstem |
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Definition
in the intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord
(Neurons that convey sensory information from the viscera to the spinal cord: project to laminae I and V of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, AND have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia) |
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