Term
| Smell and taste are (electrical, chemical, or mechanical) transduction mechanisms? |
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Definition
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Term
Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in flavor perception
1. I (olfactory)
2. V (trigeminal)
3. VII (facial)
4. IX (glossopharyngeal)
5. X (vagus) |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of receptors do the gustatory and olfactory systems use? |
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Definition
| G-protein coupled receptors (not hair cells like auditory) |
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Term
True or false:
Taste and olfactory receptor cells undergo continual lifetime turnover |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the taste and olfactory receptor cells that undergo continual lifetime turnover. |
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Definition
Taste: modified epithelial cells
Smell: neurons |
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Term
| Is gustatory and olfactory stimulus information encoded in a single neuron or a population of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste and smell are highly involved with what system that involves emotion and memory? |
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Definition
limbic system
(if something made you sick you'll remember it, or the smell of it) = short distance to the cortex because it's important |
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Term
| *What innervates the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue? |
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Definition
| chorda tympani (branch of VII for taste) |
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Term
| What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the palate and pharynx (important for the gag reflex)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does all of the information gathered by VII, IX, and X become a single nucleus involving taste (principal visceral sensory relay)? |
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Definition
| solitary nucleus of the rostral medulla |
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Term
What is relevant to taste within the rostral medulla?
1. medial leminscus
2. inferior olivary nucleus
3. solitary nucleus
4. CST
5. Mr. Wallenberg |
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Definition
solitary nucleus
inferior olive=motor, cerebellar function
Mr. Wallenberg=stroke area
medial leminscus=seen more in pons |
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Term
| Does the caudal or rostral medulla bring visceral information from the gut (has a lot of vagal innervation)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 things that you will see in the micro villa that causes depolarization? |
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Definition
G-protein receptors and ion channel receptors
(The G-protein receptors will have to be hooked up to an ion channel at some point to get an electrical signal. The ion channels are directly activated by chemicals) |
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Term
After depolarization in the taste cells, what enters to cause transmitter release?
What is the transmitter in taste? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is primary taste/gustatory cortex?
1. operculum
2. insular
3. wernicke's
4. cingulate
5. superior temporal |
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Definition
Insular (inside sylvan fissure) and operculum
(cingulate-limbic, wernicke's-language) |
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Term
Where in the thalamus does taste information go to?
What is the tract that takes it there from the solitary nucleus?
Is it ipsilateral or contralateral? |
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Definition
VPM (head - sensory)
via central tegmental tract
ipsilateral (always exceptions) |
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Term
| What is the additional relay to the rostral pons for taste that is not in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do reflexes like the dorsal motor nucleus of CN X (visceral) go in the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| From the insular-operculum, where does information go in the brain to integrate with olfactory information? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only sense that is the exception to the labeled line rule? |
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Definition
| taste (a single neuron responds to a variety of chemical sensations) |
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Term
| When information goes from the solitaries cell to the orbital cortex cell, does the information become more selective or more broad? |
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Definition
selective
(in solitary tract-multiple chemicals activate a single cell.
goes to orbitofrontal cortex and cells are more selective so able to detect individual chemical senses of taste) |
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Term
| What are the only cells that are real neurons (no thalamic relay/no synapse, fast). |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do CN I enter the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is CN I and bulb part of the CNS or PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The intensity of olfactory transduction is encoded in the ___________ of action potentials. |
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Definition
frequency
(The more chemical there is, the more ion channels you’ll activate and the more depolarization you’ll get, so you’ll get more action potentials. ) |
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Term
| What is sitting above the cribiform plate that all the cell axons with a particular G-protein receptor (detects a particular smell) go into? |
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Definition
| olfactory bulb (glomeruli-particular part of the olfactory bulb) |
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Term
| What is the particular part of the olfactory bulb where all the cells that detect the same chemical/set of chemical for smell go into? |
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Definition
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Term
| *What is the principal cell in the olfactory bulb that takes information in the tract all the way to the cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the CNS pathway of the olfactory system inhibits the contralateral olfactory bulb? |
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Definition
| anterior olfactory nucleus |
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Term
| What are the 3 primary olfactory cortex? |
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Definition
Piriform cortex (temporal lobe)
Periamydaloid cortex - interacts with amygdala
(part of) parahippocampal gyrus - interacts with hippocampus |
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Term
If a person starts to have a unpleasant smell or taste, what might be happening to them?
What part of the brain does this affect? |
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Definition
uncinate seizure
uncus (part of temporal lobe where smell information goes) |
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Term
| If a person experiences taste loss, what damage might have occurred? |
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Definition
anosmia (loss of smell)
parkinson's disease |
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