Term
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Definition
| have renshaw cells that turn and inhibit the same neuron |
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Definition
| complete loss of muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| only found within the CNS,ussually affects groups of muscle |
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Definition
| any motor signals to the trunk or periphery |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
made up of the precentral gyrus (area 4) and
the rostral half of the paracentral lobule.
•most important role is control, skilled voluntary
movements, of the contralateral limb musculature,
with some regulation of axial and proximal muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
(has to go through primary motor cortex)
•located rostral to precentral gyrus, (areas 6 and 8), projects to brainstem reticular formation.
•area 8 = frontal eye field: involved in control of eye movements. Problem if one of your eyes move even a little bit differently
•especially for control of axial muscles and proximal limb muscles, and in orienting the body toward a target. |
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Term
| supplementary motor cortex |
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Definition
function important in sequencing movements (including bilateral patterns).
•both premotor and supplementary cortex project to the primary cortex |
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Term
| lateral cortiospinal tract |
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Definition
| especially involved with skilled movement |
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Term
| anterior corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| mostly for the control of axial muscles |
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Term
| lateral corticospinal fibers from the parietal |
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Definition
| lobe form a reflected feedback pathway for modulating sensory input. Is some ability for cells to reflect and go to the sensory system |
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Term
| indirect corticobulbar fibers |
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Definition
these interneurons then act upon motor nuclei of CNs III, IV, V, VI, VII, & XII.
3,4,6 eye movements, jaw, facial, tounge movements, forehead – is dual control, bilateral innervation |
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Term
| direct corticobulbar fibers |
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Definition
| : from cerebral cortex, descend in genu of internal capsule and then pass crossed and uncrossed to bilateral lower motoneurons of CN V (mastication), VII (facial), XII (tongue). |
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Term
| facial muscles below eye level |
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Definition
| are innervated only by crossed corticobulbar fibers. unilateral |
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Term
| corticoreticulospinal pathway |
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Definition
| important autonomic link to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| esp important for tone and posture, exerts excitatory and inhibitory influences on motoneurons innervating neck and back muscles |
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Term
| medial longitudinal fasciculus |
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Definition
descending components include the medial vestibulospinal, medial reticulospinal, and tectospinal.
•ascending component is the vestibuloocular reflex pathway in the pons and midbrain, originates from vestibular nuclei cells and extends from the region of abducens nucleus to the oculomotor nucleus. important for conjugate eye movements. |
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Term
| corticotectal and tectospinal tracts |
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Definition
| associated with reflexive eye, head and neck movements in response to visual and vestibular inputs. |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of sensory stimuli into a nerve impulse |
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Definition
| probably modulates pain, and integrates visual and somatic sensation for orienting head and body |
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Term
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Definition
conveys diffuse, poorly localized pain from somatic and visceral areas.
•input is applied toward autonomic and reflex responses to pain and affective-motivational responses |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of pain is centered in the |
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Definition
| the quality of pain is processed by |
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Term
| post central gyrus parietal lobe |
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Definition
| localization of pain occurs in the |
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Definition
| transection of pain tracts resulting in contralateral loss of pain sensation 1-2 levels lower |
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Definition
the major pathway for stimuli contributing to kinesthetic sense and stereognosis.
•carries DGS Stimuli from the body, limbs, and back of head. |
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Term
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Definition
| - contains sacral, lumbar, and lower six thoracic spinal levels (incl lower extremities). The longest neurons in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the upper six thoracic, & cervical levels (upper extremities & back of head). |
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Term
| lemniscal system and trigeminothalamic tract |
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Definition
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Term
| lateral and anterior spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
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Term
| ALS,medial lemniscal pathway, spinocervical thalamic pathway,the trigeminothalamic tract (for anterior head), spinocervicothalamic pathway (lateral cervical system) |
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Definition
| pathways associated with light touch |
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Term
| psterior spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
carries info from muscles and joints of the _lower limb_ and lower half of the body.
•feedback regarding the resulting movement |
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Term
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Definition
| •carries info from the _upper limb____ of the body and the upper limbs. |
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Term
| anterior spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| prob conveys __feed foward__ signals about the quant and qual of descending “planned” motor activity |
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Term
| retrospinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| •probably conveys internal feedback signals about the quant and qual of descending motor activity |
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Term
| spinocervicocerebellar, spinoolivocerebellar |
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Definition
| indirect proprioceptive pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| standing erect with feet close together causes swaying when eyes are closed |
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Term
a nerve fiber can only transmit impulses.
•the site of the terminus of the fiber determines the type of sensation experienced |
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Definition
| “labeled line” principle or “law of specific nerve energies”. |
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Term
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Definition
| adapt most rapidly to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| acts to _adjust / regulation_ the activity of the cortical and brainstem motor centers |
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Term
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Definition
| a fusiform stretch receptor (3-4 mm) located within a muscle belly. Made of a capusle that has 2-12 |
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Term
. the nuclear bag fibers: longer and larger type with a _cluster_ of nuclei in a central enlargement.
2. the nuclear chain fibers: thinner and shorter, with the nuclei lined up in a _ row, center of fiber__. |
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Definition
| 2 kinds of intrafusal fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| oscillation of a muscle jerk reflex. Usually see it at the ankle, sudden contraction that pushes the ankle back down. Boucing of the foot, DF and PF, a form of hyper tonus |
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Term
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Definition
| •contributes to the fine adjustments of muscle activity |
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Term
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Definition
If a muslce is working to hard it stimulates it to stop, safety feature
•they also facilitates antagonist muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of contraction by a muscle at rest, without conscious effort; tested by passive movement |
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Term
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Definition
| hole in the cervical cord developes, spinothamic tract, loss of pain and temp in contralateral and ipsilateral, 6-8 no problems with sensory loss at C5 or T1. Only where the damage occurs is there damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| descrimintive general senses, bilateral proprioception loss upper and Lower extremeties, especially lower |
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Term
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Definition
Hemisection – affect one complete side of the spinal cord
Important to know what part ot the cord and where at
C7-T2: dorsal roots and ventral roots wouldn’t be functioning, |
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Term
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Definition
| direct link to LMNs; consists of corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect link to LMNs; includes corticoreticulospinal and corticorubrospinal pathways, including connections with cerebellum and basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal deeper part of the substantia nigra,goes to striatum, contains melanin, & produces_dopamine__ |
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Term
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Definition
| goes directly to the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up the input nuclei, receiving major input as excitatory from cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| GP (lateral), subthalamic, substantia nigra (pars compacta), and ventral tegmental area |
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Definition
| make up the intrinsic nuclei, mostly inhibitory neurons. |
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Term
| GP (medial), substantia nigra (pars reticularis), and ventral pallidum |
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Definition
| make up the output nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by cog-wheel releases intermittently as you’re pulling the arm out_ and resting tremor.
•difficulty initiating movement.
•shuffling gait with short _festinating__ steps. Weight bearing more on the forefoot, forward flexed position almost like they are walking just to not fall over,
masked face”: flat, expressionless face, with no expression. Can’t produce dopamine
•nigrostriatal degeneration with reduced or absent dopamine.
•medical treatment with L-dopa (precursor of dopamine). |
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Term
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Definition
sometimes occurs with use of antipsychotic phenothiazines.
•includes facial _grimace_, lip smacking, choreoathetotic movements.
•treatment is to terminate use of the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
: irregular, _brisk_, but graceful movements, esp in _distal___ extremity musculature.
•often with involuntary facial grimace |
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Term
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Definition
slow, _writhing_ “wormlike” involuntary movements, worsened with voluntary movement.
•facial grimace may accompany the alternating agonist and antagonist activity.
•may follow striatum, esp putamen, lesions.
•often seen with cerebral palsy. |
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Term
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Definition
violent, _flalling_, involuntary movements mainly in proximal girdle musculature.
•esp with lesions of contralateral subthalamus = One-sided: can be very sudden movement |
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Term
| inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| bridges the cerebellum and the medulla (impulses directly from cord). |
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Term
| middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| the largest, bridges the basilar pons and the cerebellum. |
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Term
| superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| - bridges the midbrain and the cerebellum. Double crossers |
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Term
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Definition
| : two flocculi which extend laterally near the lateral recess, connected medially by the nodulus. [regulating _muscle tone_, equilibrium and _posture_ (axial muscles)]. |
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Term
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Definition
| : small portion rostral to the primary fissure, receives proprioception and exteroception. [important in regulating muscle _tone_]. |
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Term
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Definition
| large portion between the primary fissure and the posterolateral fissure. It receives input from the cerebral cortex. [important role in programming and __coordination_ movements]. |
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Term
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Definition
| olivocerebellar fibers are excitatory directly on contralateral Purkinje cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| : from spinal cord, vestibular and brainstem nuclei are excitatory on granule cells. |
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Term
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Definition
superficial layer, containing stellate cells and basket cells.
axons of these cells are at 90° to the long axis of the folium & parallel to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
- thin, middle layer, containing large Purkinje cell bodies.
-Purkinje cell dendritic tree in molecular layer, perpendicular to the long axis of the folium. |
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Term
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Definition
| deep layer, including cell bodies of granule cells and golgi cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| directly excite purkinje cells |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| posterior spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar, retrospinocerebellar tracts (all uncrossed) |
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Definition
| input into the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| just medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle contains vesibulocerebellar fibers from vestibular nuclei, carries fastigobulbar to the vestibular nuclei |
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Term
| basket and stellate cells |
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Definition
| send inhibitory stimuli to Purkinje cells |
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Term
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Definition
| excite golgi cells which inhibit other granule cells in the area. |
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Term
| vestibulocerebellum: the _flooculonodular_ lobe |
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Definition
•input from the vestibular receptors through vestibular nuclei and vestibular nerve directly.
•flocculonodular lobe projects to fastigial nucleus which projects to vestibular nuclei
•maintain equilibrium and coordinate head and eye movement. |
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Term
spinocerebellum:
a. median zone (vermis): |
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Definition
based upon somatosensory input from the body and head (post spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar, trigeminal), vermal cortex projects to fastigial nucleus (projects to the reticular nuclei to impact the reticulospinal tracts, with a few of these fibers ascending to VL thalamus, which then projects to primary motor cortex to impact the anterior corticospinal tract.
•these specific medial descending pathways with vermal origins terminate in the medial spinal gray for control of _axial_ and girdle movement (i.e. posture) |
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Term
| spinocerebellum: b. paramedian zone (paravermis): |
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Definition
somatosensory (same as above) to paravermis, with fibers terminate on red nucleus (rubrospinal) or VL thalamus which then projects to primary motor cortex (lateral corticospinal tract).
•these lateral descending pathways control the extremity musculature for limb movement. |
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Term
| cerebrocerebellum (neo): the lateral hemisphere |
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Definition
primarily input from the cerebral cortex, motor and somatosensory, through corticopontine fibers.
•the pontocerebellar fibers decussate, pass thru the middle cerebellar peduncle to lat hemisphere.
•Purkinje fibers project to dentate nucleus whose fibers ascend thru sup cerebellar peduncle.
-some will decussate to red nucleus for rubroolivary which acts upon olivocerebellar climbing fibers and has rubrospinal fibers which decussate to run contralateral to original cerebrum.
-others will decussate to ascend to VL, then to primary motor cortex for lateral corticospinal tract
•functions in planning and _coordinating_ movement of ipsilateral limbs. Why does it say ipsilateral? Right cerebellum signal to the opposite, the cortex is going to cross back to the side it started on, cerebllum is ipsillateral control |
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