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| In the Brain: Posterior = |
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| Structures toward the brain are referred to as... |
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| In the spinal cord: Caudal = |
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| If the brain is cut from dorsal to ventral, it is cut in what plane |
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| What are the midline features of a brain cut in the coronal/frontal plane? |
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Definition
| longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum |
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| If the brain is cut from caudal to rostral, the brain would be cut into what sections? |
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| 2 major cell types of the nervous systems? |
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| 3 major classes of neurons |
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Definition
| Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
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| How many processes/axon/neurites does a unipolar neuron have? |
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| The unipolar neuron process divides into two branches at what point? |
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| The unipolar neuron process divides into what two branches? |
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| the central process travels toward what? |
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| The peripheral process travels towards what? |
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| best known example of a unipolar neuron is what? |
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| The peripheral process has terminal branches called what? |
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| The dendrites of the peripheral process recieve what? |
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| The function of the central process is to enter the CNS to further what? |
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| convey sensory information |
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| Bipolar neurons have how many neurites/processes/axons? |
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| The two neurites of bipolar neurons extends from where? |
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| The peripheral process ends in what? |
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| Bipolar neuron cells are found in what (4) |
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Definition
| retina, cochlear, vestibular ganglia, olfactory nerve |
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| Multipolar neurons have multiple what to receive input from many other neurons? |
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| Most CNS neurons are what type? |
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| Multipolar neurons generally include a single what? |
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| The single axon of multipolar neuron conveys information _____ _____ the cell body |
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| The larger the axon diameter the ______ the conduction speed |
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| A-Alpha fibers are associated with what? (2) |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle tension, length receptors |
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| A-Beta fibers are associated with what |
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| A-delta fibers are associated with what |
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Definition
| fast pain sensation, temperature |
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| C-fibers are associated with conduction of what (3) |
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Definition
| slow pain sensation, chronic pain, temperature sensation |
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| Which class of neuron (based on axon diamater) is not myelinated? |
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Definition
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| 3 types of nerve fibers relative to the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| projection, commissural, association |
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| Which fibers are axons that connect the cerebral cortex with more caudal parts of the CNS? |
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Definition
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| Sensory fibers traveling to the cerebrum are an example of what nerve fibers? |
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Definition
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| Motor fibers projection from the cerebrum to the spinal cord are an example of what nerve fibers? |
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| ________ fibers are axons that cross the median plane to interconnect corresponding regions of the two cerebral hemispheres |
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| Corpus callosum is an example of what nerve fiber? |
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| anterior commissure is an example of what type of nerve fibers? |
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| Fibers that interconnect cortical regions within the same hemisphere? |
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| Association fibers can be divided into what two fibers? |
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| The uncinate fasiculus, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, and the cingulum are all examples of what? |
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| What type of nerve fibers interconnect adjacent gyri? |
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| astroglia, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma |
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| Glia: Star shaped cells with numerous processes |
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| Fibrous astrocytes are found where |
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| protoplasmic astrocytes are found where |
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| many processes of both types of astrocytes are in close association with what |
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| Astroctye processes/perivascular endfeet cover about 80% of the surface area of what capillaries? |
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| It is believed astroglia mediate some ______ exchange between neurons and blood |
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| Astroglia provide what to neurons? |
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| Astroglia have a role in the ______ of CNS tissue after injury or disease? |
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| Neuroglia with only a few processes |
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| In the white matter of CNS, processes of oligodendrocytes form what? |
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| Microglia are unlike the other cells of the CNS in that they are of what origin? |
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Definition
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| Active microglia are thought to function like what? |
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Definition
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| role of microglia as macrophages |
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Definition
| ingest and remove debris from CNS |
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| Neuroglia that lines the ventricular system |
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Definition
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| The simple ciliated columnar epithelium that lines the ventricular system is what type of neuroglia |
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| Ciliated epithelial cells on the surface of the choroid plexus are what type of neuroglia |
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Definition
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| What are the choroid plexuses responsible for |
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Definition
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| 3 protective membranes/meninges that surround the spinal cord as well as entire CNS |
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Definition
| Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia |
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| Outermost meningeal layer |
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Definition
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| Dura mater attaches to what |
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Definition
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
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| Dura mater fuses with what |
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Definition
| epineurium of spinal nerves at their points of exit from vertebral column |
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Definition
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| Clinical significance of arachnoid mater |
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| CSF travels through what? |
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Definition
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Definition
| shock absorber, circulates nutritive substances from blood |
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| Where are choroid plexuses located? |
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Definition
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| CSF is formed primarily by filtration from networks of capillaries called what |
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Definition
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| Pia mater is important fof what |
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Definition
| circulation in the spinal cord |
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| inflammation of the meninges |
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Definition
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| inflammation of the dura mater |
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Definition
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| inflammation of the arachnoid and pia mater |
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Definition
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| most common form of meningitis |
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Definition
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| What are the 4 ventricles |
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Definition
| 2 lateral ventricles, third, fourth ventricles |
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| Where are the lateral ventricles located? |
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Definition
| in a hemisphere of the cerebrum |
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| where is the 3rd ventricle located? |
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Definition
| between and inferior to the right and left halves of thalamus, between lateral ventricles |
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| Shape of the 3rd ventricle |
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Definition
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| How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle? |
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Definition
| interventricular foramen, foramen of monro |
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| Where is the 4th ventricle located |
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Definition
| between the inferior brain stem and cerebellum |
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| How does the 4th ventricle communicate with the 3rd ventricle? |
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Definition
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| How many foramina connect the 4th ventricle with the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 foramina that connect the 4th ventricle with the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| 2 foramina of luschka (laterally), 1 foramen of magendie (median aperture) |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 0 of 15 |
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Definition
| Formation in lateral ventricles |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 1 of 15 |
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Definition
| Circulates through foramen of Monro |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 3 of 15 |
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Definition
| From foramen of monro to 3rd ventricle |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 4 of 15 |
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Definition
| Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle adds more fluid |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 5 of 15 |
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Definition
| Fluid flows through cerebral aqueduct |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 6 of 15 |
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Definition
| fluid arrive at 4th ventricle |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 7 of 15 |
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Definition
| choroid plexus of 4th ventricle adds more fluid |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 8 of 15 |
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Definition
| CSF enters into subarachnoid space around back of brain via foramina of luschka, foramen of magendie |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 9 of 15 |
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Definition
| CSF enters arachnoid granulations in superior sagittal sinus |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 10 of 15 |
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Definition
| CSF diffuses into the superior sagittal sinus |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 11 of 15 |
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Definition
| In the superior sagittal sinus, CSF mixes with venous blood, which enters the sinus via small veins |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 12 of 15 |
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Definition
| CSF/venous blood mixture travels toward the confluence of sinuses |
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Term
| Where do teh superior sagittal, straight, and transverse sinuses meet? |
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Definition
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| Flow of CSF: Point 13 of 15 |
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Definition
| Mixture travels from confluence of sinuses through transverse sinuses |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 14 of 15 |
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Definition
| mixture travels from transverse sinuses to sigmoid sinuses |
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| Flow of CSF: Point 15 of 15 |
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Definition
| sigmoid sinuses empty their contents into internal jugular veins |
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| Normally CSF is absorbed as quickly as it is formed, if it is not, what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-communicating, communicating |
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| 2 types of non-communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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| Subclass of communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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| In non-communicating hydrocephalus, what is the problem in terms of the CSF |
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Definition
| CSF cannot reach the subarachnoid space |
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| In non-communicating hydrocephalus, why can the CSF not reach the subarachnoid space? |
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Definition
| obstruction of one of the 6 foramen |
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| What are the 6 ventricular foramen |
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Definition
| 2 foramen of monro, cerebral aqueduct, foramen of magendie, 2 foramen of luschka |
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| What is the most common site of obstruction for non-communicating hydrocephalus? |
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Definition
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| In non-communcating hydrocephalus, blockage leads to what |
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Definition
| dilation of one or more ventricles |
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| In non-communcating hydrocephalus, production of CSF continues causing what to happen (other than dilation of ventricles) |
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Definition
| gyri to flatten against the inside of the skull |
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Term
| 4 types of shunts to bypass the obstruction in non-communicating hydropcephalus |
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Definition
| ventriculocaval, ventricuocisternal, anterior ventriculostomy, spinoperitoneal shunt |
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Term
| Difference between communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| location of the obstruction |
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| Where is the obstruction in communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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| Potential reasons for communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| bleeding in the subarachnoid space, meningitis blocking diffusion into superior sagittal sinus |
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