Term
| what is another name for lower motor neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain where and what upper motor neurons do |
|
Definition
| descending brain and spinal cord paths involved in voluntary skeletal muscle control |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the brain used for movement |
|
Definition
cortex; motor area, prefrontal, association areas, parietal cortex
corpus atratium
thalamus
subthalamic nuclei
substantia niagra
reticular formation
vestibular nuclei
inferior olivary complex
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of neurons in the motor systems |
|
Definition
alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers
gamma motor neurons to intrafusal fibers |
|
|
Term
| alpha motor neurons: size, what do they innervate |
|
Definition
| large fibers that innervate extrafusal fibers (the bulk of the muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of a type 1 a motor fiber |
|
Definition
contracts slow
resistant to fatuge (not a lot of myofibrillar ATPase to fatuige) |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristcs of a type 2 alpha motor fiber |
|
Definition
fast contraction
repid fatigue (lots of myofibrillar ATPase)
can be divided into 2a and 2b |
|
|
Term
| gamma motor neuronL size, location, innervate, function |
|
Definition
small
many nuclei in the middle not beneath the sarcolemma with no striations
gamma neurons innervate the intrafusal fibers on the muscle spindles (usually near tendon)
determines proprioception |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of neurons that innervate a muscle spindle, where do they go, what synapse do they make, how do they function |
|
Definition
o 1a fiber: loses myelin sheath as it pierces the capsule and wraps around intrafusal fiber forming the annulospiral ending / primary ending of the spindle
o 2 fiber: ends in varicosities on intrafusal muscle fibers away from the middle region (flower spray endings / secondary ending of the spindle)
o 1a and 2 Fibers act as mechanoreceptors: stretching opens ion channels in fiber to open and initiates AP
o Gamma motor neurons: innervate polar region of the intrafusal muscle |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of the myotactic stretch reflex |
|
Definition
• Tapping tendon stimulates primary endings in muscle spindles (rapid stretch doesn’t do much to secondary endings)
• 1a fibers take impulse to the spinal cord and synapse with a motor neuron (monosynaptic) that supply extrafusal fibers in the muscle
• 1a fibers also synapse with inhibitor interneurons that inhibit a motor neurons and supply antagonist muscles |
|
|
Term
| what are the commonly tested muscles in the myotactic stretch reflex, what vertebral nerve do they correspond with |
|
Definition
o Biceps: musculocutaneous nerve C5-C6
o Brachioradialis: radial nerve C6
o Triceps: radial nerve C7
o Patellar: femoral nerve L4
o Achilles: tibial nerve S1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the gamma loop, how does it work |
|
Definition
• Maintains muscle tone
• Supraspinal activation of gamma motor neurons leads to muscle contraction in polar regions in intrafusal fibers stretching equatorial region of intrafusal muscle fibers
• Increase in fiber activity activates a motor neurons that cause muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what and where is a golgi tendon organ, what is the function |
|
Definition
• Receptors in tendons close to the junction of muscle fibers
• Nerve fibers intertwined with collagen fibers of the tendon acting as mechanoreceptors
• Stretch causes ion channels to open
• Montiors tension |
|
|
Term
| how does the golgi tendon organ work |
|
Definition
o GTO stimulated
o 1b fibers carry info to spinal cord (large diameter, myelinated, fast)
o 1b fiber synapses with inhibitior interneuron in the ventral horn
o Inhibit a motor neuron causing inverse myotatic reflex (autogenic inhibition) |
|
|
Term
| where does the corticospinal tract originate |
|
Definition
| comes from the primary motor area. There is some from premotor, supplementary, primary somatosensory, and parietal too. |
|
|
Term
| where do the fibers that came from the parietal lobe and enter the corticospinal tract go to and their function |
|
Definition
o terminate at the base of the dorsal horn (laminae V and VI)
o regulation of afferent signals |
|
|
Term
| where do the fibers that come from the frontal lobe and enter the corticospinal tract go to |
|
Definition
o terminate in ventral horn and intermediate zone (laminae VII, VIII, IX)
o some synapse with lower motor neurons but most with interneurons |
|
|
Term
| explain the general course of the corticospinal tract until it splits into two options |
|
Definition
| • corona radiate > posterior limb of internal capsule > middle third of crus cerebri > basilar pons > medullary pyramid > |
|
|
Term
| after the corticospinal tract gets to the medulla what happens |
|
Definition
o most decussate in medulla > lateral funiculus lateral corticospinal tract
o no decussation > anterior funiculus anterior corticospinal tract > decussate at level of termination |
|
|
Term
| where does the corticonuclear tract oroginate, what path does it take |
|
Definition
Originates from precentral gyris (face area of primary motor area)
Corona radiate > genu of internal capsule > middle third o cerebral crus > basilar pons > medullary pyramid > brainstem > gets thinner as it contributes to cranial nerves ipsilaterally and contralaterally |
|
|
Term
| what CN nuclei does the corticonuclear tract contribute to is it contralateral, bilateral, or ipsilateral |
|
Definition
• Trigeminal motor nucleus
• Facial nucleus: Lower motor neurons in the facial nucleus innervate muscles of lower face are only supplied by contralateral corticonuclear tract.
• Hypoglossal nucleus: Contribution to the geniglossus is mostly from contralateral corticonuclear tract
• Accessory nucleus: Fibers from ipsilateral corticonuclear tract are recieved
• Nucleus ambiguous: Soft palate is contribution is mostly from contralateral corticonuclear tracts |
|
|
Term
| primary motor cortex: location, organization, stimulation, function, lesion |
|
Definition
o Precentral gyris and anterior paracentral lobule
o Somatotopic representation of body upside down (like homonuculus in sensory)
o Stimulation: constriction of discrete muscle groups or muscles contralateral
o Function: voluntary skilled movements
o Lesion: weakness of contralateral body parts |
|
|
Term
| premotor and supplementary motor cortex: location, stimulation, organization, function, lesion |
|
Definition
o Anterior to the primary motor cortex
o Stimulation: large complex muscle group movements
o Less precise somatotopic representation
o Function: preparation and programming movement
o Lesion: apraxia (can’t perform learned motor skill) |
|
|
Term
| what is the blood supply to the cortical motor areas, what does each supply specificially |
|
Definition
o Middle cerebral artery: face and upper limb areas
o Anterior cerebral artery: lower limb |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you occlude blood in each of the supplies to the cortical motor areas |
|
Definition
Occlusion MCA: paralysis and weakness of contralateral lower face and upper limb
Occlusion ACA: paralysis and weakness of opposite lower limb |
|
|
Term
| what are the brainstem spinal systems that create voluntary movement |
|
Definition
medial and lateral vestibulospinal tract
medial and lateral reticulospinal tract
rubrospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| medial vestibulospinal: location, function |
|
Definition
Descends as MLF
Controls neck muscles |
|
|
Term
| lateral vestibulospinal: location, function |
|
Definition
Through length of cord
Control posture and balance |
|
|
Term
| what activates the reticulospinal system, what does it do and how |
|
Definition
o Activated by ipsilateral corticocrticular fibers and ascending spinoreticular fibers (mostly nocioceptive)
o Maintaim posture and muscle tone via gamma motor neuron influence |
|
|
Term
| medial reticulospinal: AKA, explain the pathway and function |
|
Definition
pontine
Comes from pontine reticular formation
Descends ipsilateral in anterior funiculus at all cord levels
Synapses with interneurons at laminae VII and VIII
Excites extensors |
|
|
Term
| lateral reticulospinal: AKA, pathway, function |
|
Definition
medullary
Comes from medullary reticular formation
Descends bilaterally (crossed and uncrossed) in lateral funiculus at all cord levels
Synapses with laminae VII and VIII
Inhibits extensors |
|
|
Term
| rubrospinal tract: origin, pathway, function |
|
Definition
o Afferent fibers from cerebral cortex and cerebellum >
o Red nuclei in midbrain tegmentum at level of superior colliculi >
o Rubrospinal tract > decussation in midbrain (ventral tegmental decussation) >
o A few fibers extend to the cervical enlargement
o Upper limb motor neurons excite flexors |
|
|
Term
| upper motor neuron lesion: location, effect |
|
Definition
o Located in CNS
o Never affect individual muscles
o Affect groups supplied by motor nuclei below the level of the lesion |
|
|
Term
| lower motor neuron lesion: location, effect |
|
Definition
o Located in the PNS or CNS
o Only muscles innervated by the damaged neuron are affected |
|
|
Term
| decebrate posturing (rigidity) definition |
|
Definition
| o Activity or inactivity of the brainstem can be indicators in comatose |
|
|
Term
| what can a lesion in upper midbrain and pons (supratentorial extending through notch) effecting the red nuclei do |
|
Definition
can cause decerebrate posturing of red nucleus
Upper and lower limbs extend when comatose patient receives stimuli
Mediated by reticulospinal and vestibulospinal |
|
|
Term
| what can a lesion above the red nuclei (supratentorial) do |
|
Definition
| Lower limbs extend, upper limbs flex when comatose patient receives stimuli |
|
|
Term
| in decebrate posturing (rigidity), explain the different progosis possible and the reasons for them |
|
Definition
o Decerebrate to decorticate: Brainstem impairment is receding from caudal to rostral direction. Better prognosis
o Decorticate to decerebrate: Impairment is proceeding from rostral to caudal direction and may become life threatening. Poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the final common pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the areas of the brain used for motor movement |
|
Definition
cerebral cortex (motor, prefrontal, association areas of parietal)
corpus striatum, thalamus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia niagra, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, inferior olivary complex, cerebelum |
|
|
Term
| alpha motor neuron: what does it innervate, size, organization |
|
Definition
large diameter
innervates extrafusal fibers
motur unit: alpha motor neuron and the fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of extrafusal fibers, what are the differences |
|
Definition
1. contract slow, fatigue resistant (little myofibrillar ATPase)
2. fast contraction, fatigue rapid (lots of myofibrillar ATPase)(2A and 2B) |
|
|
Term
| gamma motor neurons: describe the cell / fiber, general function, what does it innervate and where |
|
Definition
small, manu nuclei in middle not beneath sarcolemme without striations
determines proprioception
innervate intrafusal fibers on muscle spindle in polar region of the muscle near tendon |
|
|
Term
| what are the sensory fibers of the muscle spindle: function, location, names |
|
Definition
1a fiber: looses myelin as it pierces capsule, wraps around intrafusal fiber, forms annulospiral or primary ending of the spindle
2 fiber: ends in varicosities on intrafusal muscle fibers away from middle region making flower spray or secondary endings
both are mechanoreceptors, ion channels open with stretch |
|
|
Term
| explain the myotactic stretch reflex |
|
Definition
tap tendon makes rapid stretch > 1a fiber sends impulse to cord > motor neurons synapse > contract extrafusal muscle
1a fiber > inhibitor interneiron > inhibit antagonist muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the commonly tested reflexes, what nerve and vertebral nerve do they match with |
|
Definition
biceps: MCN C5-6
brachioradialis: radial C6
triceps: radial C7
patellar: femoral L4
achilles: tibial S1 |
|
|
Term
| explain the gamma loop: function, pathway |
|
Definition
maintains muscle tone
supraspinal activation of gamma motor neuron > muscle contract in polar regions in intrafusal fibers > stretch in equatorial region of muscle > increase in fiber activity activates motor neurons that cause contraction |
|
|
Term
| golgi tendon organ: location, function, set up |
|
Definition
receptors on tendons close with junction of muscle fibers
nerve fibers intertwin with collagen fibers of the tendon acting as mechanoreceptors
stretch causes ion channels to open
monitors tension |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway of the golgi tendon organ |
|
Definition
| once the GTO is stimulated > 1b fibers > spinal cord > inhibitor interneuron in ventral horn > inhibit motor neuron of myotactic reflex (autogenic inhibition) |
|
|
Term
| cortical spinal tract origin |
|
Definition
primary motor area mostly
premotor, supplementary motor, primary somatosensory, parietal |
|
|
Term
| where do corticalspinal fibers from the parietal lobe go to and function |
|
Definition
terminate at base of dorsal horn laminae V and VII
regulate afferent signals |
|
|
Term
| where do cortical spinal fibers from the frontal love go to |
|
Definition
terminate in ventral horn and intermediate zone laminae VII, VIII, IX
some synapse with lower motor neurons, most with interneurons |
|
|
Term
| describe the course of the corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
corona radiata > posterior internal capsule > crus cerebri > basilar pons > medullary pyramid >...
decussate in medulla > lateral corticospinal tract
OR
anteior corticospinal tract > decussate at level of termination |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of the corticonuclear tract |
|
Definition
| precentral gyrus (face area of primary motor cortex) > corona radiata > genu internal capsule > crus cerebri > basilar pons > medullary pyramid > contributes to cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| what CN does the corticonuclear tract contribute to: indicate ipsilateral, bilateral, contralateral |
|
Definition
trigeminal motor nuclei
facial nucleus: upper face is bilateral, lower face is contralateral
hypoglossal nuclei: genioglossus contribution is contralateral
accessory nuclei: only recieves ipsilateral
nucleus ambigous: soft palate is contralateral |
|
|
Term
| primary motor cortex: location, organization, stimulation, function, lesion |
|
Definition
precentral gyrus and anterior paracentral lobule
somatotopic inversed like homonuclus
stimulate: constrict discerte muscle groups contralateral
lesion: weak contralaterally |
|
|
Term
| premotor corted and supplementary motor area: location, stimulate, organization, function, lesion |
|
Definition
anterior to primary motor cotex, premotor is lateral
stimulate: large complex muscle group movement
less percise but still somatotopic
preperation and performing movement
lesion: apraxia (cant perform learned motor skill) |
|
|
Term
| blood supply to the motor cortices |
|
Definition
middle cerebral artery: face and upper limbs
anterior cerebral artery: lower limb |
|
|
Term
| middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery occlusion |
|
Definition
middle: paralysis of contralateral lower face and upper limb
anterior: paralysis of opposite low limb |
|
|
Term
| vestibulospinal tracts: location, function |
|
Definition
medial: descends as MLF, control neck muscle
lateral: through length of cord, control posture and balance |
|
|
Term
| reticulospinal input and function |
|
Definition
ipsilateral corticonuclear and ascending spinoreticular nocioceptive
maintain posuture and muscle tone via gamma motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| medial / pontine reticulospinal pathway |
|
Definition
| pontine reticular formation > bilateral descends > synapse laminae VII, VIII > excite extensors |
|
|
Term
| lateral / medullary reticulospinal pathway |
|
Definition
| medullary reticular formation > bilateral descends > synapse laminae VII, VIII > inhibit extensors |
|
|
Term
| rubrospinal: pathway, function |
|
Definition
| afferent from cerebral cortex and cerebrllum > red nuclei > rubrospinal tract > decussate midbrain > cervical enlargement > up limb excite flexors |
|
|
Term
| upper motor neuron lesion: location, effect |
|
Definition
in cns
effects groups supplied by motor nuclei below lesion |
|
|
Term
| lower motor neuron lesion |
|
Definition
PNS or CnS
affects only muscle innervated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to upper brainstem (lesion in upper midbrain or midpons or lesion above red nuclei) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to cortico spinal tract(s)
patient has arms curled up |
|
|
Term
| in rigid posturing, what progression is bad |
|
Definition
| decordidate to decerebrate: damage is moving into medulla and brain |
|
|
Term
| describe a lesion in the upper midbrain or mid pons that causes decerbrate posturing |
|
Definition
supratentorial: through notch
red nuclei damage: causes posture
stimulation leads to lower and upper limb extension
mediated by reticulospinal and vestibulospinal ract |
|
|
Term
| describe diagnosis of a lesion above the red nuclei (supratentorial) that causes decrebrate rigidity |
|
Definition
| low limbs extend, upper limbs flex when comotose recieves stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what are the basal ganglia according to the non-clinical definition |
|
Definition
| clastrum, amygdaloid body, corpus striatum |
|
|
Term
| non-clinical corpus striatum: location, parts, subparts |
|
Definition
gray matter at base of cerebral hemispheres
caudate nuclei, lentiform nuclei (putamen and globus pallidus / pallidum) |
|
|
Term
| striatum: apperance, composition, main function |
|
Definition
striated apperance
caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens
area of the corpus striatum that recieves the most afferent fibers |
|
|
Term
| corpus striatum clinical definition |
|
Definition
lentiform: putamen, globus pallidus / pallidum
caudate nuclei
nucleus accumbens |
|
|
Term
| basal nuclei clinical definition |
|
Definition
| lentiform (putamen, globus pallidus), caudate, nucleus accumbens, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
| negative motor sign: signs, examples |
|
Definition
patient wants to perform but cant, difficulty making motor neurons fire, no paresis or paralysis
seen in parkinsons disease
skinesia/hypokinesia: cannot initiate voluntarly movement
bradykinesia: reduction in veolcity and amplitude of movement |
|
|
Term
| positive motor sign: signs, examples |
|
Definition
patient does not want to perform but cant stop, motor neurons are firing when they shouldnt
hyperkinesia, tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballismus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic or oscillatory movement of distal limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid jerk of distal limbs, face, or tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow eithering, snake like movements |
|
|
Term
| ballisums/ballis,: define, usual cause |
|
Definition
| violent firing of entire limb (usually due to subthalamic nuclei lesion) |
|
|
Term
| what does dopamine normally do |
|
Definition
excite striatal neurons via D1 and inhibit via D2
facilitate direct and inhibit indirect pathways
net decrease in cortical output |
|
|
Term
| what is the process in parkinsons disease |
|
Definition
decreased activity of direct pathway and increased indirect
increased activity of medial globus pallidus causes thalamic inhibition and decreased cortical output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cogwheel digidity of muscles
poverty of movement: slow tremor
bradykinesia
fenstination
loss of melanin in neurons of pars compacta of substantia niagra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mark like face, difficultly initiating movement, loss of associated movement like swinging of arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shuffle gait that is slow and picks up speed with tendency to fall forward an inability to stop |
|
|
Term
| hyperkinesia cause, define |
|
Definition
involuntary movement due to decreased activity in subthalamic nuclei via direct damage (hemiballismus) or damage to striatal neurons (huntingtons)
medial globus pallidus causes less inhibition of thalamus
connection between thalamus and motor cortex are hyperactive increasing cortical output |
|
|
Term
| huntingtons disease; MOA, cause, symptoms |
|
Definition
dominant inheritance
atrophy of striatum inc aidate nuclei
choreiform movement that gets severe with time, athetosis, progressive mental detoriation |
|
|
Term
| ultametly what does the direct and indirect pathway do |
|
Definition
| inhibit (or not) the thalamus which stimulates the cerebral cortex via glutamate which stimulates motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the point of the direct pathway |
|
Definition
| initiate involuntary movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the point of the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
| prevent unwanted contractions from competing with voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| through what common pathway is the direct and indirect pathway initiated |
|
Definition
| stimulation of the cerebral cortex via tha thalamus causes the cortex to stimulate the striatum via glutamate which begins either pathway |
|
|
Term
| explain the direct pathway |
|
Definition
from the stimulated striatum:striatalpallidal or strianigral fibers use GABA or substance P to inhibit the globus pallidus medial and the substantia niagra reticulata.
this inhibits thalamic dishinibition so the thalamus is able to continue exciting the cerebral cortex and motor fibers still function |
|
|
Term
| explain the indirect pathway (without the subthalamic nucleus) |
|
Definition
from the stimulated striatum:striatalpallidal fibers inhibit the globus pallidus lateral with GABA and enkephalin
this stops the inhibition the globus pallidus lateral was doing on the globus pallidus medial and substantia nigra reticulata
this allows the continued inhibition of the thalamus by the fibers of the globus pallidus medial and substantia nigra reticulata which will stop the stimulation of the cortex and motor fiber activity |
|
|
Term
| explain the addition of the subthalamic nuclei onto the indirect pathway (subthalamic nuclei disinhibition) |
|
Definition
striatum turns off the globus pallidus lateral
this allows the subthalamic nuclei to keep working. it stimulates the globus pallidus medial and substantia nigra with glutamate so they can continue to inhibit the thalamus so less motor activity is produced |
|
|
Term
| what is the subthalamic fasiculus |
|
Definition
| pallidosubthalamic and subthalamopallidal fibers that connect the globus pallidus and subthalamic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| explain how the globus pallidus medial and the substantia nigra are connected to the thalamus for thalamic disinhibition |
|
Definition
1. connected directly and use GABA and substance P to inhibit the thalamus
2. can travel down ansa lenticularis or lenticular fasiculus which join to make the thalamic fasiculus which inhibit the thalamus via GABA or substance P
both go to the VA, VL, and centromedian thalamic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| why do we care about the lenticular fasiculus and the ansa lenticularis if they both join anyways |
|
Definition
lenticular fasiculus pass through posterior limb of the internal capsule
ansa lenticularis loops around posterior limb of the internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| explain how the substantia nigra compacta regulates |
|
Definition
with D1 receptors it uses dopamine to stimulate the fibers of the direct pathway (striatalpallidal and sirianigral) which turns off inhibition allowing motor neuron activity
with D2 receptors it uses dopamine to inhibit the striatalpallidal fibers of the indirect pathway. this allows inhibition of the thalamus and decreases motor activity |
|
|
Term
| what is the phylogenetically oldest basal nuclei, what is its additional part |
|
Definition
the globus pallidus
includes the paleostratium (pallidum) |
|
|
Term
| what recieves the most fibers from the corpus striatum |
|
Definition
| medial/internal globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| subthalamic nuclei: shape, location |
|
Definition
lens shaped
part of diencephalon: inferior to thalamus, posterior to hypothalamus, medial to internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| substantia nigra: location, parts, describe parts |
|
Definition
at all midbrain levels, separating tegmentum from cerebral crus
pars compacta: dense cell rich with menalin, neurotransmitter is dopamine
pars reticulata: cell poor, dense fibers, GABAergic neurons, connections similar to medial globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| substantia nigra lesion symptoms |
|
Definition
| akinesia (poverty of movement), rigidity, dyskinesia (purposeless involuntary movement) |
|
|
Term
| sydnehams chorea: AKA, cause |
|
Definition
“St. Vitus’ Dance”
o Hemolytic streoptoccci infection, Emboli in corpus striatum |
|
|
Term
| wilson's disease: AKA, causes |
|
Definition
"hepatolenticular degeneration”
o Genetic error in copper metabolism
o Degeneration in putamen and progression to cause cavitation of entire lentiform nuclei
o Cellular degeneration in cortex, red nuclei, and thalamus |
|
|
Term
| wilsons' disease presentation |
|
Definition
o Appears between 10-25 YO
o Muscle rididity
o Dystonia
o Tremor
o Impairment of voluntary movement (including speech)
o Loss of facial expression
o Chirosis of the liver |
|
|
Term
| wilsons disease treatment |
|
Definition
| o Drugs that enhance urinary excretion of copper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Antipsychotic drugs antagonize dopamine cause parkinsonism
For schizophrenia (butyrophenones, haloperidol) |
|
|
Term
| tardive dyskinesia presentation |
|
Definition
o Long term treatment can cause tardive dyskinesia: choreiform movement of the lips and tongue
o often persists after drug is withdrawn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o bilateral cortical lesion in supplementary motor and cingulate areas so movement cannot be initiated
OR
o destruction lesion in upper pons |
|
|
Term
| akinetic mutism presentation |
|
Definition
o asleep with relaxed muscles
o eyes with open in response to loud noise and will follow moving objects |
|
|
Term
| locked in syndrome: cause |
|
Definition
| o midpontine infarction that transects motor tracts |
|
|
Term
| mid pontine syndrome presentation: what things are and are not spared |
|
Definition
o paralysis of all voluntary movements except eye movement because MLF is spared
o special sensory pathways and reticular formation spared
o conscious and can communicate only with eye movements |
|
|
