Term
| What IV anesthetic is most commonly used for endoscopy? |
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Definition
Midazolam (a benzodiazepine)
-it is used adjunctively with gaseous anesthetics and narcotics.
-decreases BP, tx that with flumazenil |
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Term
| What IV anesthetic is most commonly used for burn patients? |
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Definition
Ketamine (arylcyclohexamines)
-causes dissociative effects helpful with dressing changes
-increase cerebral BF
-upon wake up, causes disorientation, hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
BALSA
-Bromocriptine: partial DA agonist
-Amantadine: may increase DA release
-Levodopa (with carbi)
-Selegiline: MAO-B Inhibitor (also can use COMT Is)
-Antimuscarinics (ie Benztropine) to improve tremor/rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
-5HT 1D agonist
-causes vasoconstriction
-tx of migraine, cluster headache
s/e: mild tingling, coronary vasospasm (contraindicated in Prinzmetal's agina or CAD) |
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Term
| 1st Line of Tx for Absence Seizures |
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Definition
Ethosuximde
-s/e: GI distress, lethargy, headache, urticaria, Steven-Johnson Syndrome [bad skin prob] |
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Term
| 1st Line Tonic-Clonic Generalized Seizures |
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Definition
Valproic Acid
Carbamzepine
Phenytoin |
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Term
| Drugs prevent seizures of eclampsia |
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Definition
MgSO4 (first line)
benzodiazepines, as well |
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Term
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Definition
-use dependent blockade of Na channels, inhibition of glutamate release from excitatory presynaptic neuron
-to tx Tonic Clonic Seizures and is a IB antiarrhythymic
s/e: gingival hyperplasia, megaloblastic anemia (low B12), hirsutism, induction of CytP450, fetal hydantoin syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
-faciliate GABA by increasing DURATION of Cl channel opening
-tx: anxiety, seizures, insomnia, induction of anesthesia (thiopental)
-s/e: dependence, drug interactions, induction of CytP450 |
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Term
|
Definition
-facilitate GABA action by increasing FREQUENCY of Cl channel opening
-tx: anxiety, spasticity, status epilepticus, detox, night terrors, sleepwalking
short acting: Triazolam, Oxazepam, Midazolam
tx OD with flumazenil (competitive GABA antagonist) |
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Term
|
Definition
haloperidol, thioridazine, fluphenazine, clorpromazine
D2R antagonists
tx: schizo, psychosis, acute mania, Tourettes
s/e: ExtraPyramidal Symptoms: dystonias, etc. hyperprolactinemia--> gynecomastia,
tardive dyskinesia: oral-facial movements |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| TCAs - Tricyclic Antidepressants |
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Definition
block uptake of NE and 5HT from synapse
amitryptilline, imipramine, clomipramine, doxepin
-target 5HT transporter |
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Term
| SSRIs - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Definition
block 5HT reuptake more specifically
fluoxetine, paroxetina, sertraline fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram
-target 5HT transporter |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1950s - developed as potential antipsychotic so was given to schizophrenic pts, and with depression saw an increase in mood/resolution of depression if this was given chronically |
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Term
|
Definition
1950s - anti-HTN that induced severe depression in 15% of patients
-was blocking vesicular transport of biogenic amines and depleted brain of catecholamines |
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Term
| local anesthetic with ESTER connection |
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Definition
-hydrolyzed in plasma by pseudocholinesterase
-para-amino-benzoic acid made and this compound can cause allergic reactions
ex: cocaine, procain, tetracaine |
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Term
| local anesthetic with AMIDE connection |
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Definition
-metabolized in liver into inactive parts
-is not associated wtih allergies
lidocaine, mepivicaine, bupivicaine |
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Term
|
Definition
lidocaine, mepivicane, prilocaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine
-metabolized in liver to inactivate agents |
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Term
|
Definition
cocaine, procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine
-allergies associated with them |
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Term
| what type of injection is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
-spinal nerve block
-epidurals, caudal blocks, paravertebral nerve blocks are not inserted into subarachnoid space! |
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Term
| local anesthetics: spinal administration |
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Definition
| -bupivacaine, tetracaine (both have long durations!) |
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Term
| local anesthetics: topical administration |
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Definition
| -benzocaine[topical only], lidocaine[no allergies to this], tetracaine [long duration of action] |
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Term
| local anesthetics: nerve block |
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Definition
| lidocaine, mepivacaine [both amides with medium duration of action] |
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|
Term
| toxicities of local anesthetics |
|
Definition
CNS: sedation, restlessness, nystagmus, tinnitus, vertigo, convulsions
cardiovascular: cardiac block, arrhythmias, vasodilation
allergic rxns with esters |
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|
Term
|
Definition
blocks transport of NE, DA, etc
mimics sympathetic reuptake
increases mean arterial pressure beacuse causes vasoconstriction |
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Term
| differential susceptibilty to local anesthetics |
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Definition
-LA blockade of Na+ channels is USE dependent - increased frequency of stimulation increased level of blockade
-high stimulation frequency increases # of Na+ channels in "open" form that preferentially bind LA
therefore, neurons with high rates of firing (pain fibers) will be HIGHLY susceptible to blockade by LAs!
-in excitable tissues with LONG APs, probability of Na+ channels being in susceptible "open" form is increased so enhanced susceptibility to blockate by LA
[pain fibers have long APs, motor short] |
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Term
| name the macrophage in CNS + its embryological origin |
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Definition
microglia - MESODERM (all other CNS supporting cells are NC)
HIV infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells |
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Term
|
Definition
-physical support
-K+metabolism
-BBB
**marker for astrocytes = GFAP |
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Term
|
Definition
| permeability barrier - REJOIN this for limb reattachment |
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Term
| Meissner's sensory corpuscles |
|
Definition
small encapsulated
in dermis of palms, soles, digits of skin
LIGHT DISCRIMITORY TOUCH OF GLABROUS SKIN |
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|
Term
| Pacinian sensory corpuscles |
|
Definition
large encapsulated
in deeper skin layers at ligaments, joint capsules, serous membranes, mesentaries
PRESSURE, COARSE TOUCH, VIBRATION, TENSION |
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|
Term
| Merkel's sensory corpuscles |
|
Definition
cup-shaped, tactile discs
in fingertips, hair follicles, hard palate
LIGHT CRUDE TOUCH |
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Term
|
Definition
Na+ rich
in bony labyrinth-cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
K+ rich
membranous labyrinth
in cochlear duct, utricle, sacule
made by stria vascularis |
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Term
| detection of linear acceleration |
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Definition
|
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Term
| detection of angular acceleration |
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Definition
| semicircular canal, ampullae |
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Term
|
Definition
| are the sensory elements for both the vestibular system (spatial orientation) AND cochlea (hearing) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. TJs between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2. Astrocyte processes
3. Basement Membrane |
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Term
| lesion of ventromedial hyperthalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| lesion that leads to anorexia and starvation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-anterior hypothalamus: parasympathetics
-posterior hypothalamus: sympathetics
-suprachiasmic: circadian rhythms |
|
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Term
| cools you when you're hot |
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Definition
|
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Term
| warms you when you're cold |
|
Definition
posterior hypothalamus
-regulats heat conservation and production when you're cold |
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Term
| septal nucleus of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
sexual urges and emotions
lesioned=rage |
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Term
|
Definition
from supraoptic hypothalamus --> ADH
from paraventricular hypothalamus --> oxytocin |
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Term
| most notable frontal lobe lesion |
|
Definition
| -lack of social judgement |
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Term
| anterior cerebral artery occlusion |
|
Definition
| affects contralateral lower extremity |
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|
Term
| aneurysm that causes CN III palsy |
|
Definition
| posterior communicating artery aneurysm |
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|
Term
| stroke of anterior circle |
|
Definition
| general sensory and motor dysfunction, aphasia (MCA+ACA) |
|
|
Term
| stroke of posterior circle |
|
Definition
| cranial nerve deficits (vertigo, visual defects), coma and ataxia (cerebellar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hyperorality
-hypersexuality
-disinhibited behavior
*bilateral AMYGDALA lesion |
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Term
| spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of contralateral side of the world) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lesion in reticular activating system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lesion bilateral mammillary bodies |
|
Definition
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| truncal ataxia, dysarthria |
|
|
Term
| cerebellar hemisphere lesion |
|
Definition
| intention tremer, limb ataxia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| resting tremor, chorea, athetosis |
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