Term
| What are the barbiturates used as hypnotics and what are their Duration and Rate of onset |
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Definition
Phenobarbital: 6-12, 20 minutes
Pentobarbital: 4-6, few minutes
Amobarbital: 4-6, few minutes
Secobarbitol: 2-4, few minutes |
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Term
| What is Thiopental used for and what is its duration and Rate of Onset |
|
Definition
Induction before General anesthesia
15-30 minutes, seconds(onset) |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Action of Benzodiazepines, barbiturates and Non-barbiturate sedatives? |
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Definition
All increase the chloride flux through GABAnergic recepttors in the brain
Barbiturates increase duration of channel opening
Benzos and Newer Non-Barbiturates increase frequency of channel opening |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of barbiturates |
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Definition
CNS depression
REM Reduction
Dependance, Abuse
Tolerance
P450 Inducer
Toxicity: Amnesia->overdose with inhibited respiratory reflex->death |
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Term
What are the benzodiazepines used as hypnotics?
What is their duration of action?
Which has the most rebound insomnia?
Which is a prodrug? |
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Definition
Flurazepam: Long, Prodrug
Temazepam: Intermeadiate
Triazolam: Short(short-acting have most rebound insomnia) |
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Term
| What are the newer non-barbiturate hypnotics and what is their major adverse effects |
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Definition
Chloral hydrate
Zolipidem(Ambien)
Zaleplon(Sonata)
Eszopiclone(Lunesta)
Adverse:
Hallucinations and Delusions
Eszopiclone: Anti-cholinergic |
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Term
| What are the advantages to benzodiazepine use to barbiturates as hypnotics? |
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Definition
Less respiratory depression
Less dependancy
6-8 weeks before tolerance
Less REM reduction
No P450 induction |
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Term
| What are the uses of Zolpidem? |
|
Definition
Hypnotic
Muscle Relaxant
Anti-convulsant |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of Zaleplon? |
|
Definition
| No tolerance, but only 1 hour duration |
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Term
| How is Choral hydrate Metabolized |
|
Definition
| Prodrug metabolized to trichloroethanol by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase |
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