Term
| What are the routes for infection to gain entry into the CNS and which is the most common? |
|
Definition
Hematogenous(Most Common)
Local Invasion from Ear/Nose
Trauma
Retrograde transport |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical route for CNS infections in children versus adults |
|
Definition
Children: Nasopharyngeal->CNS
Adults: Pulmonary->Hematogenous->CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences in CNS analysis for Encephalitis versus Meningitis |
|
Definition
Encephalitis: WBC(+), Protein(+), Glucose(Normal)
Meningitis: WBC(++), Protein(++), Glucose(Low) |
|
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Term
| Where does the purlent infection typically occur in S.pneumo, and H.fleu? |
|
Definition
S.pneumo: Convexity of the brain
H.fleu: Base of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Most common organisms for neonatal, Infant, Young Adult, and Adult meningitis |
|
Definition
Neonatal: Group B Strep, E.coli
Infants: S.pneumo
Young Adult: Nesseria
Adult: S.pneumo |
|
|
Term
| What are some severe complications of Neisseria meningitides meningitis? |
|
Definition
Purpuric Rash
Waterhouse-Freidrichsen
DIC
Vascular Collapse |
|
|
Term
| What are some possible complications after recovery from meningitis |
|
Definition
Cortical Infarct of Small vessels
Secondary hydrocephalus from subarachnoid scarring |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of chronic tuberculous meningitis |
|
Definition
Cranial Nerve Strangulation
Heubner's Arteritis: Obliterative Endarteritis
Pott's Disease: Anterior Vertebral collapse
Tuberculomas with mass effect |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Neurosyphilis |
|
Definition
Aseptic Meningitis
Heubner's Arteritis(Meningovascular syphilis)
Tabes Dorsalis(contriction of Dorsal root) causing proprioception and vibration loss and a charcot knee(degeneration from the abnormal gait
General Paresis
Gummas |
|
|
Term
| What lobes are cerebral abcesses likely to occur |
|
Definition
| Frontal>Parietal>Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What common brain lesions elicit a fibroblastic response and describe the pathology? |
|
Definition
Subdural Hematoma
Cerebral Abcess
Pathology: Necrotic Core, surrounded by fibroblasts and Gliosis |
|
|
Term
| What patients are susceptible to fungal brain infections and where are they typically located |
|
Definition
IV drug Users and Immunosuppressed
Grey-White Junction causing Basal Ganglia abscesses from hematogenous spread
|
|
|
Term
| What patients typically get Cryptococcus CNS infections and how does is manifest |
|
Definition
AIDS or Immunosuppressed
Insidious meningitis usually only with headache |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of toxoplasmosis in Adults and fetuses and how does it appear under the microscope? |
|
Definition
Adult: Multiple brain abcesses in Deep Grey mater
Fetuses: Multifocal, Calcific, Necrotic lesions causing severe brain Damage
Micro: Bow-shaped Tachyzoites in small cysts and Bradyzoites in larger cysts near necrotic areas |
|
|
Term
| What is the major amoeba that causes CNS infections, how does it access the brain and how does it manifest? |
|
Definition
Naegleri fowleri
Cribiform plate->Emissary Veins
Manifestation: Hemorrhagic Encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What is Cysticercosis, how is it transmitted |
|
Definition
Tapeworm infection causing small gliotic cysticerci(cysts)
Transmission: Pork-larve make man definitive host, Contaminated water-Man is intermeadiate host |
|
|
Term
| What are the pathological changes seen in viral CNS infection |
|
Definition
Mononuclear infiltrate
Perivascular Cuffing
Necrosis, Chromatolysis, Neuronophagia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathology of Polio |
|
Definition
Destruction of the upper and lower motor neuron(Anterior Horn cells)
Neurophagia, Perivascular Cuffing, Microglia nodule |
|
|
Term
| How is the brain affected by herpes simple type I virus? How does it present in Neonate and Adults? and what is seen microscopically? |
|
Definition
Temporal lobe and Brain base necrosis and hemorrhage
Adults: CNS only
Neonates: Systemic
Micro: Intranuclear cowdry bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of rabies |
|
Definition
CNS excitability
Pharyngeal Spasm
Progressive Flaccid Paralysis |
|
|
Term
| How is rabies transmitted? what areas of the brain are affected? and what is seen microscopically? |
|
Definition
Bite of infected animal
Midbrain and Medulla
Negri Bodies |
|
|
Term
| How are arboviruses transmitted and what CNS disease do they cause |
|
Definition
Mosquitos Vectors
Encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What is Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |
|
Definition
| Chronic Measules infection with defective measules virus causing dementia and and brain atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What is Progressive Multifocal leukoencephalopathy |
|
Definition
| Reactivation of JC virus in Immunosuppressed patients which attacks oligodendrocytes causing demyelination |
|
|
Term
| What are the major types of prion diseases? how do they manifest? and how do they appear microscopically |
|
Definition
Scrapie: Sheep discoordination
Kuru: Shaking in Highlands of New Guinea with when cannibalism was present
Jacob-Creudzfeldt: Subacute dementia, with myoclonus and seizures
Micro: Spongioform Encephalopathy, Eosinophillic kuru plaques |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of organism causing Meningitis and which is the most common for Encephalitis? |
|
Definition
Meningitis: Bacterial
Encephalitis: Viral |
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