Term
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Definition
- blocks voltage-gated Na channels
- leads to numbness in lips, tongue
- causes respiratory failure and death
- Narahashi, Moore (1960s) |
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Term
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Definition
- blocks voltage-gated K channels (specifically delayed recitfiers)
- effective inside and outside the cell
- promotes excitability
- derived from snake/scorpion venom |
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Term
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Definition
- blocks BK channels
- gated by intracellular Ca |
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Term
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Definition
- blocks SK channels
- gated by intracellular Ca |
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Term
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Definition
| - blocks low threshold voltage gated K channels |
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Term
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Definition
- blocks N-type voltage-dependent Ca channels
- only acts in dorsal root ganglia cells
- used as an analgesic to reduce signaling in cancer patients
- GVIA type is the cone snail, only blocks N-type
- MVIIC comes from snail, blocks P, Q, and N type |
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Term
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Definition
- block L-type Ca channels
- shortens depolarizations, which shortens contractions in cardiac muscle (AKA: heart beats really fast)
- nimodipine |
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Term
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Definition
- cleaves core complex proteins in excitatory terminals (SNAP25, synaptobrevin, syntaxin)
- all neurotransmitter release is prevented, causing paralysis |
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Term
| novocain, lidocaine, procaine |
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Definition
- use-dependent block of Na channels
- causes numbness by regulating firing of fast action potentials
- used to reduce excitability (epilepsy medication) |
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Term
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Definition
- also known as red tide
- blocks voltage-gated Na channels |
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Term
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Definition
- patch clamp technique
- useful for precise measurements of macroscopic currents
- solution in pipette fills inside of cell, so intracellular fluid can be controlled
- formed by touching pipette to membrane, applying suction pull away and open channel into cell |
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Term
|
Definition
- patch clamp technique
- useful for channels gated by an intracellular ligand
- formed by touching pipette to membrane without piercing, then pulling back |
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Term
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Definition
- patch clamp technique
- used to measure flow through a single ion channel
- formed by touching pipette to membrane and leaving tip attached |
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Term
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Definition
- patch clamp technique
- useful for channels gated by an extracellular ligand
- formed by touching pipette tip to membrane, applying suction, then pulling back to pull patch away |
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Term
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Definition
- technique by which a pipette is touched to a cell membrane and the resistance between the two forms a seal that allows low-noise readings of ion channel flow to be recorded
- four different configurations: cell-attached, inside-out, outside-out, whole cell |
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Term
| Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation |
|
Definition
PK[K]out + PNa[Na]out + PCl[Cl]in Vm = RT/F ln _________________________________
PK[K]in + PNa[Na]in + PCl[Cl]out
where Vm is the membrane voltage and P is permeability. |
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Term
|
Definition
Eion = 58 log ([ion]out/[ion]in) -- (mV)
Eion = RT/F log ([ion]out/[ion]in) -- (V) |
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Term
|
Definition
V = IR
I = GV
Iion = Gion (V-Eion) |
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Term
| capacitance, current, charge, and voltage relations |
|
Definition
Q = CV
dQ/dt = I = C (dV/dt)
Exponential decay of voltage: V(t) = V0 (e^(-t/τ))
Note: this function decays from V0 to 0.
ΔV(t) = ΔVmax (1 - e^-t/τ) Note: this function decays from 0 to ΔVmax.
τ = RC |
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Term
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Definition
1) activate enzymes
2) trigger vesicle fusion
3) induce muscle contraction
4) affect genes |
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Term
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Definition
- spider venom
- blocks P, Q type CA channels |
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Term
| ions with high concentrations INSIDE neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| ions with large concentrations OUTSIDE the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| hyperpolarization / depolarization |
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Definition
hyper- = cell's membrane potential becomes more negative
de- = becomes less negative |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron Doctrine: Nervous system is made up of discrete, individual cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reticular Theory: All neurons are interconnected by a master web of dendrites. |
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Term
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Definition
- giant squid axon experiments to make first specific measurements of membrane voltage
- led to discovery of action potentials
- worked with Curtis and Cole
- later got Nobel Prize with Katz for inventing voltage clamp |
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Term
|
Definition
- soma (cell body)
- dendrites (shit coming out of the cell body)
- axon (that long thing between the terminal and soma)
- terminal (where NTs release)
- myelin sheath (insulating shit that wraps around the axons)
- Nodes of Ranvier (non-myelinated parts of axon, only places where action potentials can occur)
- synapse (gap between terminal of presynaptic cell and dendrites of postsynaptic cell) |
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Term
|
Definition
Other cells surrounding neurons (about 1000x as many as neurons)
- astrocytes: in brain and spinal cord; can be involved in uptake of ions, transmitters; can insulate functional units, can also be phagocytic
- oligodendrocytes (in brain, spinal cord) and Schwann cells (in periphery) myelinate or wrap axons
- microglia: phagocytic, consume dead cell |
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Term
|
Definition
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brain stem
- spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| layered sheet of grouped neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
frontal lobe: contains motor cortex & is important for planning behavior
- parietal lobe: contains somatosensory cortex & is important for attending to stimuli
- temporal lobe: contains auditory cortex, & is also important for object recognition
- occipital lobe: contains visual cortex, & is important for visual analyses |
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Term
|
Definition
| - important for memory and learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| important for motor control and motor learning |
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Term
|
Definition
- important for vital functions (like breathing)
- all cranial nerves send signals through the brain stem |
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Term
|
Definition
| the spinal cord receives sensory inputs via the dorsal roots and sends motor outputs via the ventral root |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
- ganglion (plural, ganglia) is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies, often with a common function. (This is the PNS version of a nucleus).
- nerve is a cluster of axons, usually with a common function.
- sensory receptor is a cell that detects some component of the outside or inside world (light, pressure, sound, pain etc.) Note: the term “receptor” used alone often means a
molecule on a cell that binds some chemical substance such as a neurotransmitter.
- The somatic motor system controls skeletal muscles (voluntary movement)
- The autonomic system controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands |
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Term
|
Definition
- these open in response to the binding of a specific molecule to the channel
- examples: neurotransmitter receptors, K(Ca) channels
- in these channels, conductance is a function of ligand concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
- these open in response to a change in Vm, usually ΔV>0
- examples: Na
+
, K
+
, Ca
++
channels
- in these channels, conductance is a function of voltage |
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Term
|
Definition
- these open in response to various sensory stimuli
- examples: phototransduction channels, auditory transduction channels, pain receptors, mechanoreceptors.
- in these channels, conductance is a function of stimulus strength |
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Term
|
Definition
- stimulates the vagus nerve to slow down hearbeat
- acts at the nAChRs (nachos)
- excitatory transmitter at muscles |
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Term
| norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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Definition
| - stimulates the sympathetic nerve (speeds up the heartbeat) |
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Term
| curare / alpha-bungaro toxin |
|
Definition
- from the blue poison frog / banded krait snake
- blocks acetylcholine receptors, causing heartbeat to speed up unregulated (cardiac arrest and death. ow) |
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Term
|
Definition
- stimulates the nicotinic ACh receptors in muscle
- slows heartbeat, not fatal (obvi) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nobel Prize in 1991 for inventing the patch clamp method |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Nobel Prize in 1936 for discovering "vagusstuff," lead to discovery of neurotransmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
- experiments with neuromuscular junction, found compounds that inhibit and stimulate ACh receptors
- discovered the ACh is released in vesicles
- increase of extracellular Ca leads to increased fusion of vesicles |
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Term
|
Definition
- a bunch of vesicles containing ACh are exocytosed from the terminal in response to an action potential
- vesicles fuse to the postsynaptic end-plate of the neuromuscular junction, allowng ACh to bind to receptors
- this depolarizes the plate, which effectively transfers the action potential energy across the synapse |
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Term
| neurotransmitter release pathway (HINT: Native Red Mallard Ducks Probably Fuck Everything The Up Butt) |
|
Definition
1) neurotransmitter uptake
2) resting in the reserve pool
3) mobilization
4) docking
5)
priming
6) fusion/exocytosis
7) endocytosis
8) translocation
9) uncoating & endosome fusion
10) endosome budding |
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Term
| core complex proteins in the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| core complex proteins in the vesicle membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other non core complex proteins involved in priming |
|
Definition
alpha-SNAP, NSF
- facilitates hydrolysis of ATP in priming step, causing core complex to dissociate from vesicle |
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Term
|
Definition
- cleaves core complex proteins in inhibitory terminals
- all neurotransmitter release is prevented, causing convulsions and muscle contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
- protein involved in priming/fusion during neurotransmitter release
- major Ca sensor for release of vesicles
- Ca-dependent binding to core complex and phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
|
Definition
- plasma membrane proteins that also bind to synaptotagmin I
- presynaptic neurexins bind to postsynaptic neuroligins
- necessary for functional synapse formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| black widow spider venom - binds to neurexins, causes ALL vesicles to release independently of calcium. SHIT GETS CRAY CRAY!!! |
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Term
|
Definition
| - proteins that mediate endocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
- when activated, a series of intracellular metabolic events is triggered, culminating in opening or closing or regulating of other distinct channel proteins
- G-protein coupled receptor
- glutamate at the mGlu receptor, GABA at GABAb receptor, ACh at mAChR
- catecholamines are NTs that stimulate cascades of intracellular events that modify activity of other channels
- examples: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephine, seratonin, histamine |
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Term
|
Definition
like, they have 4 main neurotransmitters that act on them:
- glutamate
- GABA
- glycine
- acetylcholine |
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Term
|
Definition
neurotransmitter
- acts at GABA-a receptors
- major inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian brain |
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Term
|
Definition
neurotransmitter, acts at glycine receptor
- inhibitory transmitter in the brain stem
- dominates inhibition in the spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
- major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain
- acts at NMDA and non-NMDA (AMPA, kinate) receptors
- AMPA is an agonist of AMPA receptors, CNQX is an antagonist
- NMDA is an agonist of NMDA receptors, DAP-V is an antagonist
- kinate is a kinate receptor agonist, DAP-V is an antagonist |
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Term
|
Definition
| excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic current/potential |
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Term
|
Definition
- released by neurons
- involed in coordination of body movements and reward pathways
- released by neurons of the substantia nigra, for fine motor control
- also released by ventral tagmental area neurons, for reward sensation
- removed from cleft by transporters, cocaine blocks this removal
- too much dopamine = schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
- released by neurons
- involved in sleep, attention, feeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| - rare transmitter in the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| - released by neurons, involved in sleep and mood |
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Term
|
Definition
- released by neurons in the hypothalamus
- involved in arousal and attention |
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Term
|
Definition
- second messenger systems
- Nobel Prize in 1971 |
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Term
|
Definition
- neurotransmitter binds, and then that causes an increase in cyclic AMP, and this is a second messenger
- increase in cAMP goes to a protein kinase |
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Term
|
Definition
Nobel Prize in 1994
- discovered G-proteins (GTP-binding proteins)
- G-proteins are heterotrimeric with alpha, beta, and gamma chains
- GDP binds to subunits to form alpha GTP + beta, gamma |
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Term
|
Definition
- stimulates adenylcyclase
- increases production of cAMP |
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Term
|
Definition
Nobel Prize in 1992
- determined the effects of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA)
- PKA phosphorylates proteins and changes cell function |
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Term
| G-protein coupled receptor and signal cascade |
|
Definition
- phosphorylates GDP in G-protein complex
- alpha GTP and beta, gamma, dissociate
- alpha-GTP stimulates adenylcyclase, generating cAMP
- activating PKA
- phosphorylating protein and changing cell function |
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Term
|
Definition
| activates GS, which stimulates PKA and causes cholera I guess |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits GI, which inhibits PKA, causes whooping cough |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| slow, amplified at every step |
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Term
|
Definition
| block beta-adrenergic receptors, which inhibits or suppresses L-type Ca channels and causes heartbeat to slow |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
- has something to do with heart, lungs, gut, kidney
PATHWAY:
- norepinephrine activates beta-adrenergic receptors
- this stimulates G-protein that activates PKA
- then enhances L-type Ca channel curents
- heart beats faster |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
ACh activates the mACh receptors, which activates the beta-gamma subunit of inward rectifier calcium channels.
- Channels are non-voltage gated, on all the time
- current through the channels is enhanced, lowering input resistance and slowing heart rate
- if overstimulated, causes fainting |
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Term
| how to get a neurotransmitter out of a cleft |
|
Definition
1) AChesterase, fastest snzyme in the body (only for ACh, obvi)
2) diffusion and uptake into transporter containing neurons or glia (all NTs besides ACh) |
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Term
|
Definition
- activated by THC
- endocanibinoids are agonists, released from postsynaptic cells in responseto prolonged depolarizations |
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Term
|
Definition
- permeable to Na and K, but not Ca
- activate and deactivate very quickly
- desensitize quickly
- low affinity for glutamate
- blocked by CNQX |
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Term
|
Definition
- permeable to Na and K and Ca
- activate and deactivate and desensitize very slowly
- high affinity for glutamate
- blocked by AP5, extracellular Mg
- voltage AND ligand dependent receptors, known as coincident detectors |
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Term
|
Definition
| depolarizations from different regions on a dendrite, sums a a convergence point in the soma |
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Term
|
Definition
| successive depolarizations form a train of presynaptic action potentials, can sum if and only if EPSPs do not decay fully by the time the next one starts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- learning and memory involves long-lasting changes or modifications in neural signaling
- changes can be electrical (in strength) or in excitability of neurons, or structural changes
- hippocampus responsible for formation and storage of some types of memory
- depolarization of postsynaptic cell matters because it is state-dependent
- input-specific, o only synapses withe pre AND post synaptic activity will potentiate
- a strong active synapse can potentiate a weak active synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
bless you
Nobel Prize in 1987
- knocked out the CA1 region of the hippocampus and found that it impaired LTP and disrupted spatial learning |
|
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Term
| silent synapse hypothesis |
|
Definition
there are clusters of post-synaptic receptors that only have NMDA receptors, so that when glutamate is released, it binds to NMDA receptors, but MG blocks current from passing
- can relieve the Mg block be depolarizing the cell
- LTP is when after the Mg block is released, Ca flows into the NMDA receptors, causing a signal that makes AMPA receptors go into the synapse |
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