Term
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Definition
| examines the spatial organization of distinct subdivisions of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
examines the parts of the nervous system that WORK TOGETHER IN ORDER TO PERFORM A CENTRAL TASK
Examples- visual/auditory system
studied to understand the underlying neural circuitry |
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Term
| Nervous system divided into two branches: |
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Definition
Central Nervous System- brain, spinal cord
and
Peripheral Nervous System- Somatic and autonomic division |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neurons, (skin, muscle joints, motor axons |
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Term
| Autonomic Division of PNS |
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Definition
Sympathetic
/
Parasympathetic
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Enteric |
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Term
| Sympathetic system physiology and function |
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Definition
In autonomic division
ganglia next to spinal cord, vegetative functions, originate from CNS
Preganlionic neurons are in the thoracic and lumbar segments (acetylcholine)
Postganglionic neurons are in the sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglia (Noradrenaline) |
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Term
| Parasympathetic system physiology and function |
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Definition
In the autonomic divsion
ganglia next to organs, vegetative functions, originate from CNS
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the brain stem and 2nd to 4th sacral spinal cord segments (Acetylcholine)
Cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons are in the terminal ganglia close to the organs (Acetylcholine) |
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Term
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Definition
In the Autonomic system
Neurons in intestinal wall, controls peristalsis, Independent of CNS! |
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Term
| Parasympathetic system function examples: |
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Definition
"Rest and Digest"
Contricts pupils
stimulates salivation
inhibits heart
constricts bronchi
stimulates digestives activity
contracts bladder
relaxes rectum |
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Term
| Sympathetic system function examples: |
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Definition
"Fight or Flight"
Dilates pupil
Inhibits salivation
Relaxes Bronchi
Accelerates heart
inhibits digestive activity
stimulates glucose release by liver
secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from kidney
relaxes bladder
contracts rectum |
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Term
| Main 7 parts of the brain |
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Definition
1) Spinal Cord
2) Medulla (BS)
3) Pons (BS)
4)Midbrain (BS)
5)Cerebellum
6) Diencephalon
7) Telecephalon |
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Term
Horizontal
Coronal
Sagittal
Sectional Planes |
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Definition
H- Superior and Inferior
C- Anterior and Posterior
S- Left and right |
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Term
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Definition
Brain first develops as 3 vesicles around 4 weeks:
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Then 5 vesicles at 6 weeks:
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, myelencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
-Paricipates in processing sensory information from limbs, trunk, and some internal organs
-Control body movements
- Transmits sensory information in ascending tracts to the brain and motor information in descending tracts. |
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Term
| Sections of the spinal cord |
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Definition
Cervical-8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5
Vary in size, more white matter at cervical level b/c more ascending and descending axons
-Size of horns can vary with the number of motor neurons |
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Term
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargment |
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Definition
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Term
Dorsal Roots
Ventral Roots |
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Definition
DR- contain sensory axons which also branch into dorsal column.
VR- contain motor axons. Additional brain input through lateral column |
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Term
Dorsal column
Lateral column
Ventral column |
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Definition
DC- only ascending axons
LC- Both ascending and descending axons
VC- Both ascending and descending axons |
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Term
Brain stem parts
Top to bottom |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the brainstem |
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Definition
-Sensor and motor control of the head, neck, and face.
-Ascending and descending pathways
-Some special functions |
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Term
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Definition
-Important Relay station in the principal pathway for touch
-Regulation of blood pressure and respiration
-Reticular formation in mid medulla controls arousal
-Conrol Neck and facial muscles |
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Term
| Physiology of the Medulla |
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Definition
-Contains the cell body of the second neuron in the Dorsal Column/medial lemniscus system
-Fibers cross right/left side here.
-Cortiospinal tract is the key pathway for voluntary movements and those axons cross right/left side in medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| -Pontine nuclei in ventral portion transmit information from cortex to cerebellum. The Cerebellum uses this for accurate movement |
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Term
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Definition
Below midbrain.
Pons and cerebellum surround the 4th ventricle |
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Term
| Functions of the Midbrain |
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Definition
-Provides connection between components of the motor system (Cerebellum, basal ganglia, cortex)
-Contains substantai nigra which is important for motor movements (it contains dopaminergic neurons that are damages in Parkinson's disease) |
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Term
| Physiology of the Midbrain |
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Definition
| Smallest of the 3 brain stem components, Most superior located of the brain stem |
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Term
| Functions of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
| Maintaining posture, coordinated head and eye movements, fine control of movements |
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Term
| Anatomy of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
-2 Cerebral hemispheres
-Grey matter cortex and internal white nuclei
- 4 pairs of nuclei
-Lobes, fissures, convolutions like the cerebral hemispheres
-Primary fissures separates anterior and posterior lobes |
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Term
| 3 Cell layers of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
-Molecular
-Purkinje
-Granular layer |
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Term
| Important Cerebellum features |
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Definition
-Recieves information from all other components of the motor systems from the spinal cord, the brainstem, cerebral cortex and from most of the sensory systems
-The cerebellum is comparing the intention of an upcoming movement with current sensory input to correct the movement according to the current situation
-New research says that the cerebellum might also have cognitive functions such as language and decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| -inhibitory projection neuron, recieving excitatory input from climbing fibers from the medulla and project to deep cerebellar nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| the only excitatory interneuron in the brain, receiving input from mossy fibers from nuclei in the medulla and pons making thousands of synapses with Purkinje cells. |
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Term
LOOK AT THE LAST PAGE OF ANATOMY OF CNS.
CHART AND BRAIN ANATOMY |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Size of two walnuts.
Located between the midbrain and the cortex.
Surrounds ventricle 3 |
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Term
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Definition
Important trasmission station from the periphery to the cortex
Integrates motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia and transmits to motor cortex
-Regulates sleep, alertness and wakefullnes |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral posterior later nucleus.
Lateral Geniculate nucleus
Medial geniculate body (MGB) |
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Term
| Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus |
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Definition
relay nucleus for dorsal column-medial lemniscus system
-transmits somatosensory info to the primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| -connects to the primary visual cortex |
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Term
| Medial Geniculate body (MGB) |
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Definition
| is the part of the thalamus involved in processing of auditory information |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, (almond size). Complex structure underneath thalamus with many nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
-controls growth, body temp, sexual and reproductive behavior, eating , drinking
-Motivation, Emotion
-Circadian clock, sleep cycle |
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Term
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Definition
releases regulating hormones:
-Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
-Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
-Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
-Produces vasopressing and oxytocin
-controls autonomic system |
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Term
Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemispheres)
Structures and their functions |
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Definition
Cortex- perception, cognitive and motor functions
Hippocampus- memory formation
Amygdala- emotion, social behavior
Basal ganglia- control of fine movements |
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Term
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Definition
banana shape
lies inside the medial temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Memory formation and spatial memory
Receives input from entorhinal cortex into the dendate nucleus
Neurons connect to the CA3 pyramidal neurons- which then connect to CA1 Pyramidal cells.
Both CA3 and CA1 send out axons through the fornix to subcortical telecephalic structures |
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Term
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Definition
Circuits involved in emotion and social behavior
- involved in mood disorders, depression, anxiety and substance abuse |
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Term
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Definition
convolutions increase surface area, cortex typically 2-4 mm wide
4 major lobes separated by sulci: Frontal parietal occipital temporal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If remove Temporal lobes B/c stroke or epilepsy...: |
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Definition
| Had problems with consolidation of short term memory into long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus: -Motor functions ,thoughts emotion, personality,
Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Left): Contains Broca's area ( Speech production) |
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Term
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Definition
Primary somatosensory cortex: Sensory functions,
Inferior parietal lobule ( math. Thoughts):
higher order processing of sensory info |
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Term
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Definition
primary visual cortex- Visual function
Visual association cortex (Motion) -visual function |
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Term
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Definition
Primary auditory cortex: Hearing
Sup. temporal gyrus (left), Wernicke's area: speech understanding |
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Term
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Definition
Contains axons that interconnect the two sides of the brain
Largest of the commissures |
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Term
Cortex layers (I-VI)
(Inputs and outputs) |
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Definition
1) molecular layer- no cells
2) ext. granule cell layer- to other cortical areas
3) ext pyramidal cell layer- to other cortical areas
4) Int. granule cell layer- receive input from thalamus
5) Int. Pyramidal cell layer- to subcortical areas
6) multiform layer- to thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| defined 50ish different cortex areas which correlate well with distinct functionality |
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Term
| Projection neurons In cortex layers: |
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Definition
Layers III, V, VI
- Excitatory , Use glutamate as main transmitter |
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Term
| Interneurons in Cortex layers |
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Definition
| Smaller, in all layers mostly inhibitory, GABA as main transmitter |
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Term
| Ventricular Systems and CSF anatomy |
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Definition
| 4 ventricles, 2 Lateral, 3rd right of the center, 4 between brain stem and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| in Lateral ventricle, produces cerebrospinal fluid, 500mL CSF daily |
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Term
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Definition
1) Physical Support
2) Regulates the chemical environment of the brain
3) Removes harmful metabolites |
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Term
Know:
-Each functional system involves several brain regions
-Axon bundles links the components of a functional system
-Topographical maps during info processing |
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Definition
-Most circuits cross left-right, eg, movement on the left side of the body is controlled by right motor cortex
-Hierarchical organization: Inputs converge at the next level |
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Term
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Definition
allow us to recieve signals from the world around us
- allows organisms to develop, functino and survive
-Can also be enjoyable |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of a stimulus receiving information e.g. we recieve electromagnetic waves of different frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
interpretation of the info by the brain depends on a variety of conditions, including attention and motivation
e.g. we perceive the waves as different colors |
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Term
Constructing a visual image
2 major parallel visual pathways between retina; |
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Definition
Thalamus and cortex that process different visual information
1) Inferior temporal (ventral) pathway; object recognition color and shape (what?)
2) Posterior parietal (dorsal) pathway: location of objects motion and depth (where?) |
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Term
| Vision, cell and stimulus |
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Definition
| Rods, cones, photoreceptors: light |
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Term
| Hearing, balance, cell and stimulus |
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Definition
| hair cells, sound gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| olfactory neurons , odorant |
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Term
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Definition
| taste receptor cells, tastant- molecular |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Temperature, cell and stimulus |
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Definition
| Thermoreceptors, temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Nocireceptors, chem, thermal, mechanical |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Transduction of energy from one (ligh, sound chemical , thermal, mechanical) into another form that the nervous system can interpret |
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Term
| Sensory receptors cell: what is there job |
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Definition
To transduce a specific form of energy into a receptor potential. The sensory receptor cell transmits this signal to an adjacent cell, the ganglion cell. The ganglion cell produces the action potential.
Different type of sensory system there are modifications of this basic receptor cell-ganglion cell interaction |
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Term
| 2 ways stimulus can trigger transmission |
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Definition
1) directly affects the ion channel opening in sensory receptor cell
2) indirectly via G-Protein coupled receptors and second messengers |
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Term
| Somatosensory receptors, function |
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Definition
| the ganglion cell, directly detects the signal by interacting with specialized structures, such as the muscle spindle (stretch) |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactory neuron acts both as sensory receptor and ganglion cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensory cell detects and converts the stimulus into receptor potential. The following ganglion cell then fires an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
The photoreceptor cell converts light into a membrane hyperpolarization and transmits information to an intermediate neuron, the bipolar neuron.
The bipolar cell integrates the information from several photoreceptors and signals to the ganglion cell, which fires the action potentials |
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Term
| 1) Sensory input depends on 4 attributes of the stimulus |
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Definition
1)Type of energy- mechanical, chem, light, sound
2) Location- where does it happen in space
3) Intensity- encoded by amplitude of receptor potential
4) Duration- determines the length of the receptor response |
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Term
| Common properties of sensory transductino: |
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Definition
1) 4 attributes
2) Specificity
3) Bandwidth
4) Spatial Distribution
5) Sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Each receptor transduces a specific type of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Each receptor responds to a certain energy. For example, individual photoreceptors are not sensitive to all wavelengths of light |
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Term
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Definition
| The spatial arrangement of the receptors of the somatosensory and visual systems directly define the spatial resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Some systems are extremely sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
Neuroepithelial cells in taste buds
5 categories: salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami |
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Term
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Definition
block K+ channels and depolarize
pass right through sodium channels |
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Term
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Definition
| bitter substance, blocks K channels |
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Term
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Definition
Bitter can :Bind to G-protein coupled receptors and stimulate a second messenger cascade
Sweet: cAMP/PKA in the case of sweet tastants |
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Term
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Definition
oderants detected by 100,000 receptors neurons that have long cilia extending the nasal cavity and axons that project into the olfactory bulb,
500 different receptors in human. Odorant activate immense array of combinations to make smells |
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Term
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Definition
| Odorants bind to G-protein coupled membrane receptor and use second messengers (cAMP) to open ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
spatially organized to yield stereoptypic sensory map
Sensory neurons in the nose express only one receptor type each and connect to the sensory bulb |
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Term
Vision Anatomy
5 cell types |
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Definition
Rods + cones (photoreceptors)
Bipolar cells
horizontal cells
Amacrine (can make AP)
ganglion (can make AP) |
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Term
| Visual pigments and rhodopsin |
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Definition
Pigments (Cones)
rhodopsin (rods)
Found in the outer segment folds densly packed
(red green blue)` |
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Term
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Definition
seven transmembrane, g protein coupled receptor molecule
G-Protein signaling cascade is activated in light that leads to reduction of cGMP and ultimately closes Na+ channels
Light induces hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor membrane |
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Term
| Visual pigments and rhodopsin |
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Definition
Pigments (Cones)
rhodopsin (rods)
Found in the outer segment folds densly packed
(red green blue)` |
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Term
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Definition
seven transmembrane, g protein coupled receptor molecule
G-Protein signaling cascade is activated in light that leads to reduction of cGMP and ultimately closes Na+ channels
Light induces hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor membrane |
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Term
| In dark light, functions of polarizations |
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Definition
High (cGMP) keeps cGMP-gated Na channel open: Depolarization,
high glutamate release |
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Term
| In bright light, functions of polarizations |
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Definition
Low (cGMP) causes Na channels to close:
Hyperpolarization,
low glutamate release |
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Term
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Definition
Hair cell in the cochlear and vestibular organ can transduce fluid movement in the inner ear into changes in membrane potentails
Mechanotransduction is mediated by stereocilia that contain a few stretch-activated potassium channels |
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Term
| Summary of Sensroy Transduction |
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Definition
Different sensory systems have similar transduction mechanisms, organized mapping, and parallel processing.
Taste involves a limited set of taste sensations with relatively small set of G protein coupled receptors or direct ion channels |
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Term
| Summary of Sensory Transduction Part 2 |
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Definition
-Olfactory systems allows animals to distinguish thousands of ordarants. One receptor can recognize more than one odor
-Visual system involves a small set of photoreceptor cells. In contrast to the other systems the transduction mechanism involves a hyperpolarization
-Hair cell transduction in the inner ear involves a mechanically gated ion channel that opens upon deflection of the stereocilia |
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