Term
| The difference between a homeostatic and homeodynamic system is... |
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Definition
| In the homeodynamic system, the set point changes in response to open loop input. |
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Term
| In a negative feedback system, |
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Definition
| Effectors that cause an increase in the level of the variable are inhibited when the level of the variable rises above the set point |
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Term
| Which of the following most completely describes the concept of the Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immune systems? |
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Definition
| The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are all sensory structures and regulate each other's functions |
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Term
| Which of the following is an effector? |
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Definition
| muscle, endocrine gland, and digestive tract |
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Term
| A major decrease of receptors for a primary messenger, causes a cell to... |
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Definition
| require higher concentration of the primary messenger to respond to it |
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Term
| Which of the following has a higher concentration inside the cell than in the extra cellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following increases the rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
| Increased surface area for diffusion |
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Term
| The Nearnst equation can be used to calculate... |
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Definition
| the voltage across the cell membrane that is needed to balance the force of the concentration gradient for a single ion |
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Term
| Which of the following predicts the voltage across a cell membrane at any point in time, as the permeability for several different ions change? |
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Definition
| The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation |
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Term
| Which of the following processes requires a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following processes requires energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following occurs if a 300 mOsmolar cell is placed in a solution of a 400 mOsmolar Sucrose? (the cell is not permeable to sucrose) |
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Definition
| water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks |
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Term
| A solution that does not move water across a cell membrane is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would best describe the following conditions; a 300 mOsmolar cell is placed in a solution of 200 mOsmolar solution of Sucrose? |
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Definition
| Hypotonic and hypo-osmotic |
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Term
| Which of the following occurs if a 300 mOsmolar cell is place in a solution of 300 mOsmolar Urea? (the cell membrane is permeable to urea and there's a little urea in the cell) |
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Definition
| water will move into the cell |
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Term
| Which of the following has the highest osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| An Osmolar solution made with 1 gram molecular weight of CaCl2 |
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Term
| Which of the following can cross the cell membrane without going through an ion channel or relying on a carrier protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following molecules can only be transported across the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Na+/K+ pump is an example of |
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Definition
| primary active counter transport |
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Term
| The simultaneous transport of glucose and Na+, that depends on the Na+ concentration gradient, the is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump is an example of... |
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Definition
| secondary active co transport |
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Term
| Which of the following does not have transport maximum? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a resting cell membrane, voltage gated Na+ channels are |
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Definition
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Term
| As a cell membrane becomes increasingly negative on the inside (changes from -70 to -90) it is said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| The Na+/K+ pump does what? |
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Definition
| moves 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ it moves out |
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Term
| Which of the following causes the opening of a voltage gated Na+ channel? |
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Definition
| depolarization of the cell membrane to threshold potential |
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Term
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Definition
| modify a neuron's response to a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| At rest the EMF across the cell membrane is |
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Definition
| negative on the inside with respect to the outside |
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Term
| Excitatory post synaptic potentials are a result of opening |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrical potential changes along dendrites are conducted by |
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Definition
| decremental conduction of local current flow |
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Term
| Action potentials occur on the |
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Definition
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Term
| Graded potential do what? |
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Definition
can generate action potentials
are proportional to the strength of the stimulus
last longer than action potentials |
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Term
| Where are local currents transmitted by non decremental conduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the majority of the absolute refractory period of an action potential, voltage gated Na+ channels are |
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Definition
closed and inactivated
(fuck if I know) |
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Term
| Voltage gated K+ channels open when the cell membrane |
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Definition
| after the depolarization phase of the action potential and before repolarization phase |
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Term
| During the relative refractory period of the action potential, the cell membrane is |
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Definition
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Term
| A threshold stimulus can only induce an action potential when the membrane is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following determines the maximum frequency of an action potential a neuron can experience? |
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Definition
| the length of time the absolute refractory period of its action potential last |
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Term
| What is the relationship b/t the size of the graded potential on the soma and the action potentials on the axon? |
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Definition
| the bigger the size of the graded potentials, the higher the frequency of action potentials it can induce |
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Term
| During relative refractory period what happens? |
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Definition
| the size of the stimulus needed to induce a new action potential earlier in time than a smaller graded potential |
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Term
| Why don't action potentials normally travel backwards along the axon? |
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Definition
| the region of the axon closest to the soma is in its absolute refractory period when the next closest region is experiencing an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| have voltage gated Na+ channels only at the axon hillock and the nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
| True or False: conduction of action potentials along an axon depends on local current flow |
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Definition
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Term
| What increases the possibility of opening voltage gated Na+ channels and causing action potentials on an axon? |
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Definition
| mechanical pressure on a nerve |
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