Term
| what is the name for the informaiton you recieve from the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the reponse executed due to info sent to the nervous sytem? |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 reponses due to info can be: |
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Definition
behavioral
concious concious (autonomic)
s |
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Term
| this class of disorder is characterized by physcial manifestations (i.e motor) |
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Definition
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Term
| this class of disorder is characterized by internal disorder like disruption of mental process |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the serotenergic and adrenergic cells located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system consists of-3 |
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Definition
| snesory neurons, voluntary motor, autonomic |
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Term
| the enteric nerrvous system consists of -2 |
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Definition
neuroendocrine cells in GI a
viscera that regulate function |
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Term
| what area of the brain is responsible for the emtional motivation to stimulis |
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Definition
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Term
| brain tissue requires large amount of what 2 substances- |
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Definition
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Term
is the brain sensistive or desensitive to blood flow?
why? |
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Definition
sensistive
bc the blood brings the glucose and O2 supply |
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Term
the blood flow to the brain is autoregulated under what conditions?
is the flow global or local? |
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Definition
bblood pressure from 60-140
globally |
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Term
vasoactive agents used in peripheral tissues have what effect on the brain?
why? |
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Definition
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Term
the brain is limited fro what capacity?
it also has very low levels of what? |
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Definition
anaerobic activity
glycogen |
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Term
are metbolic demands greater i white or gray matter?
why? |
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Definition
gray
this space has 4x more capillaries |
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Term
| what 2 neuronal populations are constantly produced? |
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Definition
olfactory
hippocampal dentate gyrus |
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Term
| astricytes are also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| astrocytes function as what normally -4 |
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Definition
support the neurons normally
maintain ionic comp of ECF
supply metabolites
and enhance BBB |
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Term
| astrocytes funciton as what during inflammation |
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Definition
phagocytes to clear debris
seals of damaged region with creates glial scars |
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Term
| which is more present in the body- neurons or astricites |
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Definition
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Term
oligodendrcytes funct is
-where do they found dominantly in |
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Definition
myelination of axons
white matter |
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Term
| microglia are dervied where? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are knonw as the macrophages of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
microglia funct normally-2
-DURING INFLAMMATION? |
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Definition
phagocytize
snyaptogensis by remodeling synapses
become reactive and clear dead cells |
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Term
| these cells line the ventricles and help propel CSF |
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Definition
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Term
| funct of epithelial cells-2 |
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Definition
produce CSF
help determine comp. of ECF |
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Term
CSF comp: CSF vs. Pasma
these are equal -3 |
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Definition
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Term
CSF comp: CSF vs. Pasma
-these are less in CSF than plasma-3 |
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Definition
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Term
CSF comp: CSF vs. Pasma
-these are elevated in CSF-2 |
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Definition
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Term
| these two substance are neglible in CSF |
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Definition
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Term
| how do the capillaries of the brain differ vs peripheral? -2 |
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Definition
not fenstrated (tight junctions)
-no pinocytosis |
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Term
| what molecules need transporters to get into brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transporters for these substances are present in the BBB-3 |
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Definition
| glucose, amino acids, vitamins |
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Term
| there are no transporters in the BBB for what 2 substances |
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Definition
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Term
GLu in the brain come from what cycle?
-where does the alpha ketoglu come from? |
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Definition
TCA cycel(alpha keotgluconate)
glucose |
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Term
| the brain does not have what types of immune cells? -3 |
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Definition
primary lymphoid
secondary lymphoid
class II antigens |
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Term
| when can immune cells like lymphocytes and neutorphils get into brain? |
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Definition
| when BB is compromised like stroke |
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Term
to fire off an action potential the neurons need enough potential to make the membrane -
the cell will then do what? |
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Definition
polarized
-fire off its own neurotrnasmitter |
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Term
| where is the afferent region of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
where is the efferent region of the brain?
2 specific ones |
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Definition
frontal
hipothalmus
motor cortex |
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Term
| what is snyaptic plasticity |
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Definition
| changes in strength of synapses |
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Term
| trnasmemebrane potential of eurons is close to equilibrium for- |
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Definition
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Term
| what it he typical membrane potential for a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the Nerst equation?
what is it used for? |
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Definition
mV= -60 log {Kin/Kout}
equilibrium for ion |
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Term
what is the goldman equation?
what is it used for? |
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Definition
mp=fxEk+ fNaENa
membrane potential |
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Term
| nueronal funciton is depednetn on? |
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Definition
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Term
| half the brain's supply of ATP is used to do what? |
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Definition
| maintain resting potential (ion gradient) |
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Term
| what causes the neuron to fire off? |
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Definition
| -40 mV from combined hyperpolar anmd deploarizing to end up as eventual deploarized -40 mV |
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Term
| the action potential is - |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 factors affect rate of action potential propogation? |
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Definition
diameter of axon
myelination |
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Term
| NT bidns to postsynaptic membrane- if cation/anion are opened this causes depolarizaiton and is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| hyperpolarizaiton of postsynaptic cleft causes influx of? this si called? |
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Definition
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Term
which potential is graded?
what dsoes this mean? |
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Definition
post-snyaptic
athe amnt of of polarization depends on the amt of NT and # of channels |
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Term
| T/F: 1 EPSP can trigger an action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| what is spatial summation? |
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Definition
| EPSPs come onto diff denedrites from synapses formed by diff upstream neurons |
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Term
| temporal summation is what? |
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Definition
| when EPSPs are recieved so rapidly that they combine |
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Term
an axon has how many presynatpic terminals?
what about a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are NT recpeotrs concentrated at? |
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Definition
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Term
what is enpassant NT releasing?
what is the term for these molecules? |
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Definition
NT accumulate in axon dilations and then secretion occrus so the NT diffus thruought body;
neuromodulators |
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Term
| what does the term critical period mean involving synatpic plasticity? |
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Definition
| early in life the body tests out the correctness of synapses and causes good ones to strengthen and the bad ones to regress |
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Term
NTs are made from precursors called?
these are made up of? that come from where? |
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Definition
neuropeptides
proteins
cytoplasm |
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Term
| whwhat is the difference btwm NTs and neuromodulators |
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Definition
modulators affect efficacy of NTs without touching membrane potential
NTs affect membrane potential |
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Term
What are the main NTs of the brain? -2
are they excitatory or inhibit?
what NT does the same as Gaba but in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
glutamate
Gaba
Hlutamate=excitatory
GABA= inhibitory
glycine |
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Term
| what are the monoamine NTs-3 |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the monoaminergiv NTs located? |
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Definition
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Term
Dopamine form porjections to what 2 things?
what disease is this important to? |
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Definition
basal ganglia
nucelus accumben
Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
in the brain a cluster of neurons is called?
in the PNS they are called? |
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Definition
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Term
snesory info enters spinal cord where?
where are the cells for sensory neurons located? |
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Definition
dorsal
dorsal root ganglion |
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Term
| moto info in spinal cord is communicated thru cell bodies located where? |
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Definition
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Term
autonomic neruons in spinal cord ate located where?
what dot hey give rise to?
where are the sympathetic located? |
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Definition
intermediolateral zone
preganglion axons
along thoracic |
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Term
| the brainstem is what for most cranial nerves? -2 |
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Definition
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Term
| nerves in brainstem control what autonomic functions? -3 |
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Definition
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Term
| function of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| maintain stance and gaze for movement control |
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Term
| what part of the brain allows for subconcious motor control? |
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Definition
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Term
function of the reticular formation? -2
has to coordination with what other parts? |
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Definition
regulates alertness and inhibit pain
thalmus and cortex |
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Term
| diff btwn superior and inferioir colliculus in midbrain |
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Definition
the superior= visual
inferior= auditory |
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Term
| cells in substantia nigras of brainstem are for control of? |
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Definition
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Term
| cells in ventral tegmentum of brainstem are for control of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| serotonin is located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| this is the sensory relay station btwn recptors and cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only sensory info that doesnt have to first synapse at thalmus? |
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Definition
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Term
| compoenets of the limbic system: |
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Definition
hippocampus
amygdala
gyrus
hypothalmus
bsala ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
| control of motor function |
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Term
| this part of the brain is resp for intellectual funct |
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Definition
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Term
| which cortex layer is acell? |
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Definition
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Term
| the parameter neurons are in whcih cortex layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| the round fusisfrom neurons are in what cortex layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| thalsmus info innervates in whcih cortex layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| which neurons of the cortex are the output ones? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does info enter/leave cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
where is info processed in the cortex?
this also involves what kind of functions? |
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Definition
association cortex
higher intellect functions |
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Term
| what tool is used to determine sturcual analysis |
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Definition
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Term
| what tool is sued to get info on blood flow to brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what tool can see depletion of DA in Parkinsons? |
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Definition
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Term
| neuronal cell death is ususally followed hy what hyperacitviity? |
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Definition
| gliosis- hypermultiplying of glial cells |
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Term
| elevated conc of this substance leads to ecitatoxicity and cell death |
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Definition
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Term
| what cells are particularyl sensitive to elevated glutamate? |
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Definition
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Term
| glutamate emeits toxicity by binding to what receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| what cana ueron do to prevent excitatoxicity |
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Definition
| have protiens that bind and buffer Ca (calbindin) |
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Term
| how does glutamate cause NECROTIC cell death? |
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Definition
| binds to AMPa and has too much influx of Na |
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