Term
|
Definition
mentation
posture and gait
cranial nerves
proprioception
muscle tone, size, spinal reflexes
pain |
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Term
| Four levels of consciousness |
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Definition
alert
obtunded/dull
stupor
coma |
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Term
|
Definition
| normal response to environmental stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| drowsiness and less responsive to external stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| state of unconsciousness and can only be aroused by painful stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| state of unconsciousness and cannot be aroused by any stimulus including pain |
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Term
| Level of Consciousness Control |
|
Definition
primarily by ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
rarely diffuse cerebral diseases |
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Term
| Mentally Inappropriate/Dementia Lesion Location |
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Definition
| lesion in cerebrum or thalamus |
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Term
| Cerebrum/Thalamus Lesion Signs |
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Definition
abnormal cognition or loss of self awareness
wander aimlessly, headpress, other
often recognized by owner |
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Term
|
Definition
| rotation of the transverse plane of the head |
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Term
| Head Tilt Lesion Location |
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Definition
| Vestibular Lesion (peripheral or central) |
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Term
|
Definition
ipsilateral to lesion
head tilt |
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Term
|
Definition
| rotation of the nose with the transverse plan of the head remaining perpendicular to the ground |
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Term
|
Definition
cerebral lesion
always ipsilateral to the lesion
may be associated with circling |
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Term
|
Definition
head turn and body turn
always ipsilateral to the lesion |
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Term
|
Definition
always ipsilateral to lesion
hemi-inattention/hemi-aversion
circling towards lesion
head turn and body turn |
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Term
|
Definition
| dorsal curvature of the spine |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventral curvature of the spine |
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Term
|
Definition
| lateral curvature of the spine |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
brainstem lesion
opistotonus with extensor rigidity of all limbs |
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Term
|
Definition
acute cerebellar lesion normal mentation
opistotonus with flexion of the hips |
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Term
| Shiff Sherrington posture |
|
Definition
lesion of TL spine
have normal reflexes
inactivation of border cells
acute injury |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
vestibular
cerebellar
proprioceptive |
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Term
|
Definition
leaning and falling to one side
rolling, listing, crab walking
may see head tilt and nystagmus |
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Term
|
Definition
inability to regulate the rate and range of movement
dymetria
impaired ability to control distance, power, speed
hypermetria-longer protraction phase of gait
hypometria-shorter protraction phase of gait
goose-stepping
accompanied by head tremors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
clusmy and incoordinated
wide based stand and swinging gait
due to loss of sense of limb and body position
interruption of ascending proprioceptive pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Afferent CN2
goes to contralateral cerebrum
comes into ipsilateral cerebellum to move head away
efferent CN 7 facial |
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Term
|
Definition
only way to visual nervous system
and vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
affecter CN 2 to pretectal nucleus
efferent from Edinger Westphal nucleus to CN 3 |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Sympathetic NS Tract to Eye |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus to
thoracic sympathetic trunk
to cranial cervical ganglion
axons through middle ear cavity
to the pupillary dilator muscle and smooth muscle in orbit, eyelids |
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Term
|
Definition
ptosis
miosis
enophthalmaus
elevation of 3rd eyelid
may see congestion of bulbar conjunctiva in dogs
due to lack of vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
| Cattle, Sheep, Goat Horners |
|
Definition
ptosis
hyperthermia of ear
miosis
elevation of third eyelid
less sweating of nasal planum
excessive sweating in horses in denervated area |
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Term
| Trantenstorial herniation |
|
Definition
hernation through the tentorium membrane
increased pressure caused by mass lesion can cuase this
subsequent cerebellar tonsillar herniation |
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Term
|
Definition
afferent CN 5
lateral canthus maxillary branch
medial canthus olfactory branch
efferent CN 7
most reliable test for CN 7 |
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Term
|
Definition
afferent CN5 opthalmic branch
efferent CN 6 and CN 7 |
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Term
|
Definition
move head with something movement
efferent VN 8 (vestibular)
brainstem vestibular nuclear and cerebellum
afferent CN 3, 4, and 6 |
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Term
|
Definition
involuntary rythmic eye movement
fast away from the lesion
slow toward the lesion |
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Term
|
Definition
slow phase in one direction with rapid recovery phase to return
resting
positional |
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Term
|
Definition
small oscillations of the eyes with no slow of fast components
lesion in cereblleum or visual cortex
can be normal in some purebred cat breeds (Himalayan, Persian, Siemese) |
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Term
|
Definition
eye position
positional or resting |
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Term
|
Definition
afferent CN 5 sensory maxillary and opthalmic
efferent CN 7
abnormal in one side but not the other can be a cerebral lesion |
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Term
|
Definition
afferent CN 9 and 10
efferent CN 9, 10, 11
palpate hyoid bone or stimulate pharynx with finger |
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Term
|
Definition
CN 12
may see unilateral atrophy of tongue |
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Term
|
Definition
happens at the level of the cerebrum
actually subconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
need to support weak patients but not too much
cats shouldn't let you put the paw on the table
dogs shouldn't stayed knuckled over |
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Term
|
Definition
contralateral cerebrum
ipsilateral brainstem
crosses at medulla
ipsilateral spinal cord segments |
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Term
|
Definition
| test integrity of sensory and motor components of reflex arc |
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Term
|
Definition
flat edge of hammer for tendon
tip of hammer for muscle belly |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| pudendal and caudal rectal nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
tests lateral thoracic nerve and C8-T1 spinal cord segments
absent in 1-2 spaces caudal to lesion
can be normally absent in cats |
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Term
|
Definition
test for deep pain sensation
looking for recognition of pain not the reflex
needs to reach cerebrum
flex the limb before eliciting painful stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
mentation-behavior
head turn and circling
contralateral menace deficits
abnormal nasal sensation
proprioceptive contralateral deficits
normal spinal reflexes and tone
possible pain over calvarium |
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Term
|
Definition
normal mentation
cerebellar ataxia, hypermetria, dysmetria, intention tremors
ipisilateral menace deficits
normal proprioception
normal spinal reflexes and tone
pain possibly over calvarium |
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Term
|
Definition
alterations in level of consciousness
head tilt ipsilateral
proprioceptive ataxia and/or vestibular ataxia
possible multiple cranial nerve deficits
ipsilateral proprioceptive deficits
normal or increased spinal reflexes/tone in all 4 limbs
possible pain over calvarium |
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|
Term
| C1-C5 Spinal Cord Lesion Signs |
|
Definition
normal mentation
paresis/plegia
long strided gait in all 4 limbs
proprioceptive ataxia
Horner's ipisilateral
thoracic and pelvic limb proprioceptive deficits
normal to increased thoracic limb reflexes
normal or increased pelvic limb reflexes
possible pain over spine |
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|
Term
| C6-T2 Spinal Cord Lesion Signs |
|
Definition
normal mentation
short strided in thoracic limbs and long strided in pevlic limbs
proprioceptive ataxia
Horner's ipisilateral
thoracic limb and pelvic limb proprioceptive deficits
normal to absent thoracic spinal reflexes
normal to increased pelvic limb reflexes
possible pain over spine |
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|
Term
| T3-L3 Spinal Cord Lesion Signs |
|
Definition
normal mentation
normal thoracic limb giat
paresis/plegia in pelvic limbs
normal cranial nerves
thoracic limb normal proprioception
pelvic limb proprioceptive deficits
thoracic limb normal spinal reflexes
normal to increased pevlic limb spinal reflexes
pain possible over spine
panniucl cuts off 1-2 segments caudal to lesion
increased tone to bladder |
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|
Term
| L4-S3 Spinal Cord Lesion Signs |
|
Definition
normal mentation
normal thoracic limb giat
paresis/plegia in pelvic limbs
normal cranial nerves
thoracic limb normal proprioception
pelvic limb proprioceptive deficits
thoracic limb normal spinal reflexes
normal to increased pevlic limb spinal reflexes
pain possible over spine
panniculus cuts off 1-2 segments caudal to lesion
decreased tone to bladder
decreased to absent anal tone |
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|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Lesion Signs |
|
Definition
decreased hopping due to weakness
unable to swallow
sensory nerve deficit
muscle atrophy
normal to absent spinal reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal mentation
short strided gait
paresis/plegia
normal cranial enrves
normal placing but decreased hopping
muscle atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal mentation
exercise intolerance
may see one or mutliple nerves
normal placing but possible decreased hopping
normal or decreased to decrementing spinal reflexes
no pain |
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