Term
| The spinal cord is continuous with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the spinal cord start and end? |
|
Definition
| starts in foramen magnum and ends at the second lumbar vertebra |
|
|
Term
| what is the space between the end of sc at L2 and end of dural sheath at S2 filled with? What is it called? |
|
Definition
| filled with dorsal and ventral roots. they are called cauda equina. |
|
|
Term
| at what vertebra does the sc end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the diamter of sc as go from superior to inferior? |
|
Definition
| goes from larger to smaller |
|
|
Term
| how many enlargements happen in the sc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the purposes of the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| where nerves leave and enter cord to supply upper and lower limbs |
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the 2 enlargements of the sc? |
|
Definition
| cervical enlargement and the lumbosacral enlargement |
|
|
Term
| how many sections of the sc are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hat are the names of the 5 sections of the sc? |
|
Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| how are spinal nerves numbered? |
|
Definition
| starting at superior end of each region |
|
|
Term
| how many pairs of nerves are in the sc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many spinal pairs are in each section of the sc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does dermatome mean? |
|
Definition
| spinal cord segments are related to areas of skin and muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates sensory distribution of each spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what letter does the cross section of the spinal cord look like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gray matter is where in the sc and contains what |
|
Definition
| in the center and contains cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, and ganglia |
|
|
Term
| white matter is where in the sc and contains what |
|
Definition
| in the peripheral portion and contains axons |
|
|
Term
| what are the two clefts that separate the two halves of sc? Which one is bigger? |
|
Definition
| anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus. the anterior median fissure is bigger. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 sections of white matter |
|
Definition
| dorsal column, ventral column, lateral column |
|
|
Term
| is white matter grouped in columns or horns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dorsal column? where is it located? |
|
Definition
| in the back of sc cord in white matter. it has the sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the ventral column? where is it located? |
|
Definition
| it's in the front of sc in white matter. it contains motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the lateral column? where is it located? |
|
Definition
| in the lateral portion of the white matter and has the sympathetic neurons for the ANS (autonomic function) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 sections of greay matter |
|
Definition
| dorsal horn, anterior horn, lateral horn |
|
|
Term
| are the sections in the gray matter horns or columns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dorsal horn? where is it located? |
|
Definition
| in the back of the gray matter. it contains mostly sensory cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| where is the anterior horn located? what does it contain? |
|
Definition
| located in front of gray matter. contains cell bodies of skeletal motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| where is the lateral horn located? what does it contain |
|
Definition
| located in lateral gray matter and contains autonomic cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic system found in lateral horn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic fibers are found where in the sc? Do they form a distinct lateral horn? |
|
Definition
| found between S2 and S4. No. |
|
|
Term
| dorsal roots of sc are afferent or efferent? what types of axons do they carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the dorsal root ganglia contain? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| where does the dorsal root project to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the route of a signal from sensory receptor in the skin the the posterior horn |
|
Definition
| Goes from: sensory receptor to afferent neuron to the dorsal root ganglion to the dorsal root to the posterior horn |
|
|
Term
| are ventral roots efferent or afferent? what do they contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of neuron is located in the anterior horn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of neuron cell bodies are found in the lateral horn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 things combine to form the spinal nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of a signal from posterior horn to effector organ? |
|
Definition
| goes from posterior horn to ventral/lateral horns to ventral root to efferent neuron to spinal nerve to effector organ |
|
|
Term
| axons and its schwann cells are surrounded by what in sc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| groups of axons are surrounded by what? what do they form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surrounds nerve fasicles? what do they form? |
|
Definition
| epineurium. forms the nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the epineurium continuous with in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main ascending pathways in the sc |
|
Definition
| lateral spinothalamic, dorsal column, and spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate origin and termination |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main tracts involved in conscious sensation |
|
Definition
| lateral spinothalamic and dorsal column |
|
|
Term
| the lateral spinothalamic tract and dorsal column both consist of how many neuorns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the lateral spinothlamaic and dorsal columns pathways terminate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortiocospinal is motor or sensory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory pathways go from where to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor pathways go from where to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of information does the laeral spinothalamic tract transmit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the lateral spinothalamic tract cross over |
|
Definition
| almost immediately after entering the sc |
|
|
Term
| lateral spinothalamic transmits info from receptors where to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if have a lesion in spinothalmaic tract |
|
Definition
| loss of pain and temp contralaterally below level of lesion |
|
|
Term
| the dorsal column transmits info regarding what 3 things |
|
Definition
| touch (two-point discrimination), pressure, and conscious proprioception |
|
|
Term
| where do the fibers of teh dorsal column cross |
|
Definition
| travel up ipsilaterally and cross at the medulla |
|
|
Term
| what is conscious proprioception |
|
Definition
| ability to know where your limbs are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abilitly to know something by touch |
|
|
Term
| what sensation comes from the combo fo the spinothalamic pathway and the dorsal column |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main tracts involved in conscious senesation |
|
Definition
| spinothalamic and dorsal column |
|
|
Term
| the spinocerebellar tract is resposnsibile for what |
|
Definition
| unconscious proprioception |
|
|
Term
| where do the fibers cross in spinocerebellar |
|
Definition
| they don't... they remain ipsilateral |
|
|
Term
| are fibers in cerebellum usually contra or ipsi? in the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
cerebellum: ipsilateral
cerebrum: contralateral |
|
|
Term
| corticospinal goes from where to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do fibers cross in the corticospinal pathway? |
|
Definition
| stay ipsilateral and cross at medulla |
|
|
Term
| is the corticospinal descending or ascending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the ell bodies located for the upper motor neurons in the descending pathway |
|
Definition
| motor cortex, cerebellum, or brainstem |
|
|
Term
| where do the fivers cross for the upper motor neurons in the descending pathways |
|
Definition
| at the level of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| where do the upper motor neurons in the descending pathway synapse with the lower motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are teh cell bodies located for the lower motor neurons in the descending pathway |
|
Definition
| anterior horn of sc or cranial nerve nuclei |
|
|
Term
| where do the axons extend to from the lower motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LOOK OVER SPINAL CORD LESIONS AND LOOK AT PATHWAY |
|
Definition
| LOOK OVER SPINAL CORD LESIONS AND LOOK AT PATHWAY |
|
|
Term
| what is a reflex? describe its pathway |
|
Definition
| an automatic response to a stimulus through a reflex arc. The AP goes through peripheral nerve, sc, and out motor nerve w/o ever going through the brain |
|
|
Term
| are reflexes excitatory or inhibatory |
|
Definition
| some are excite, some are inhibit |
|
|
Term
| what are teh five components of a reflex |
|
Definition
| sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ |
|
|
Term
| describe pathway of stretch reflex |
|
Definition
1) sensory receptors called muscle spindles detect suddent stretch of muscle
2) sensory axons synapse direcetly with motor neurons which innervate muscle
3) motor neurons cause the muscle to contract |
|
|
Term
| what is a golgi tendon reflex |
|
Definition
| comes from tendons, tells you stretching tendon too much, and is what keeps us upright |
|
|
Term
| what does the golgi tendon reflex prevent |
|
Definition
| prevents muscles that are contracting from putting excessive tension on the tendons |
|
|
Term
| describe golgi tendon reflex |
|
Definition
1) when muscle contracts, the tnedons are strecthed stimulating sensory neurons
2) sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons
3) interneurons synapse with motor neurons that cause the muscle to relax |
|
|
Term
| what is the withdrawal reflex |
|
Definition
| removes a body part from a painful stimulus |
|
|
Term
| descrive withdrawal reflex |
|
Definition
1)pain receptors cause an action potential in sensory neurons
2) sensory neurons synapse with excitatory interneurons
3) interneurons synapse with motor neurons
4) flexor muscles are stimulated to remove the limb from painful stimulus
5) at the same time inhibitory neurons send AP to motor neurons to relax the extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the crossed extensor reflex |
|
Definition
| allows support of body weight during withdrawal reflex |
|
|
Term
| descrive crossed extensor reflex |
|
Definition
1) collateral axons extend through the white commissure and synapse with motor neurons on the opposite side of the sc
2) while the withdrawal reflex causes flexion in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension in the opposite lower limb |
|
|
Term
| the brain is broken down into how many main divisions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main divisions the brain is broken down into |
|
Definition
| cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| what does the cerebrum control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the brainstem do |
|
Definition
| connects cerebrum to sc and transfers info from cerebrum to rest of body |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 sections of the brainstem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the cerebellum do |
|
Definition
| controls muscle movement and tone |
|
|
Term
| where is the diencephalon located |
|
Definition
| between brainstem and cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| what are teh 4 main sections of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
| thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| where does the thalamus lie in regards to lateral ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the thalamus do |
|
Definition
| relay center... decides what's important to get to cerebrum and what's not |
|
|
Term
| what does the subthalamus do |
|
Definition
| contains nerve tracts and nuclei... more involved in movement |
|
|
Term
| the subthalamus is part of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the epithalamus located in regards to thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what important thing does the epithalamus contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the epithalmaus do |
|
Definition
| habenular nucleir respond to olfactory stimulation |
|
|
Term
| where is the hypothalmus located in relation to thalamus |
|
Definition
| below and a little in front |
|
|
Term
| what does the hypothlamaus do |
|
Definition
| maintains homestasis and regulates endocrine function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| describe shape of thalamus |
|
Definition
| like a yo-yo: two large portions laterally and connected by a stalk (interthalamic adhesion) in the center |
|
|
Term
| what is the interthalamic adhesion |
|
Definition
| connects two portions of thalamus in center |
|
|
Term
| what is the space between the two lateral portions of the thalamus and surrounds the inthalamic adhesion called |
|
Definition
| third ventricle (in center of thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| the thalamic nuclei can be classififed into how many groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three functions groups of thalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
| relay nuclei, association nuclei, nonspecific nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major relay centers of the relay nuclie of thalamus |
|
Definition
| sensory relay center, motor relay center |
|
|
Term
| what is the relay nuclei of thalamus |
|
Definition
| convey information from sensory systems, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to cerebral cortex. major function is to regular info that goes to and from cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| what is the sensory relay center in thalamus |
|
Definition
| most sensory neurons synapse in the thalamus. the thalamus then sends projections to the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| sensory information from body and face synapse where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medial geniculate nucleus receiced what kind of information from where? where do the axons the travel? |
|
Definition
| receives auditory information from the inferior colliculus. axons then travel to auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| the lateral geniculate nucleus receives what kind of information from where? where does it then send its axons? |
|
Definition
| receives visual information from optic tract. the axons then travel to the visual cortex |
|
|
Term
| describe the motor relay center of the thalamus |
|
Definition
| ventral anterior nuclei and ventral lateral nuclei are inovled in communicating motor information between the basal nuclei, cerebellum, and motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what does the association nuclei aof the thalamus do |
|
Definition
| prcoess emotional and memtory information as well as integrate different types of information |
|
|
Term
| describe anterior and medial nuclei of association nuclei of thalamus (job and location) |
|
Definition
| connceted to limbic system and prefrontal cortex and influence mood |
|
|
Term
| describe job and location of lateral posterior nuclei and pulvinar nuclei n the association nuclei of thalamus |
|
Definition
| connect to other thalamic nuclei and integrate sensory information |
|
|
Term
| describe job and location of lateral dorsal nucleus of association nucleus of thalamus |
|
Definition
| connected to other thalamic nuclei and cerebral cortex to influence actions associated with strong emotions |
|
|
Term
| what are the three nuclei of the nonspecific nuclei of thalamus |
|
Definition
| midline, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what do the nonspecific nuclei do in thalamus |
|
Definition
| regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention |
|
|
Term
| where is subthalamus located in regards to thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the subthalamus contains nerve tracts that are heading for what 2 things |
|
Definition
| thalamus and subthalamic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| function of subthalamus (what is it associated with) |
|
Definition
| associated with basal nuclei which are inovled in motor control |
|
|
Term
| a small portion of which 2 things are located in subthalamus |
|
Definition
| substantia nigra and red nucleus |
|
|
Term
| where is the epithalamus located |
|
Definition
| superior and posterior (mostly poserior) to thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things does the epithalamus consist of |
|
Definition
| habenular nuclei and pinal body |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pineal gland? how many do we have? |
|
Definition
| thought to play a role in the onset of puberty and may influence sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). only have 1. |
|
|
Term
| after age of 17, what happens to pineal gland? |
|
Definition
| calcareous concretions accrue and is useful landmark in xrays. |
|
|
Term
| does the pineal gland still function when calcified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrates smells and odors; influenced by smell; involved in emotional response to odor |
|
|
Term
| where is hypothalamus located |
|
Definition
| inferior portion... only part you can see in intact brain |
|
|
Term
| what part of diencephalon are the mammillary bodies located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the mammillary bodies |
|
Definition
| bulges on posterior surface of hypothalamus; involved in emotional response to odor; may also be inolved in memory and sense of direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stalk found in inferior hypothalmus, connects the hypothalamus to poserior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| functions of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
1) aids in controlling endocrine system
2) overall control system for ANS
3) promotes or inhibits eating or drinking
4) important in mood, motivation, and emotion
5) interacts with reticular activating system to coordinate the sleep-wake cycle |
|
|
Term
| what does the hypothalamus do in the endocrine system |
|
Definition
| regulaes secretion of pituitary gland; controls metabolism, reproduction, response to stress, and urine production |
|
|
Term
| do afferent or efferent fibers from hypothalamus synpase with neurons in ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulation of posterior hypothalamus produces a ____ reponse and stimulation to anterior hypothalamus produces a ______ response |
|
Definition
| sympathetic; parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what does the hypothalamus and ANS do? |
|
Definition
| controls HR, urination, digestion, blood vessel diamter, and body temp by stimulatiang sweating or shivering |
|
|
Term
| the role of controlling emotion in hypothalamus is part of what system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hypothalamus do with thoughts and emotions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sits in the sella turcica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another term for pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| what does the pituitary gland do |
|
Definition
| secretes hormones that regular body function |
|
|
Term
| what regulates the secretion of the pituitary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe strucutre of pit gland |
|
Definition
| approx 1 mm in diameter; in sella turcica of sphenoid bone; connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| Neurohypohysis is ____ pit gland and adenohypohpysis is ___ pit gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the posterior pit gland is continuous with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outgrowth of inferior brain in area of hypothalamus formed by posterior pit forms what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretions from posterior pit are considered what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe pathway of neurosecretory cells |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, through indundibulum, to posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what casues release of neurohormones from pituitary into blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the anterior pit arose from what |
|
Definition
| outgrowrth of epithelial tissue in roof of embryonic oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| are hormones secreted from anterior pit considered neurohormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT CHART WITH HORMONES FROM ANTERIOR PIT GLAND |
|
Definition
| LOOK AT CHART WITH HORMONES FROM ANTERIOR PIT GLAND |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 hormones secreted by posterior pit |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of ADH |
|
Definition
| maintaing osmoloarity and volume of extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| Relate water absorption of kidneys, release of ADH, and excretion of urine |
|
Definition
* Lack of water intake with cause an increase in ADH release. Less urine will be produced.
* Increased water intake will cause a decrease in ADH release. This will allow more urine to be released |
|
|
Term
| How does a decrease in BP also cause release of ADH? |
|
Definition
| ADH causes constrcition of blood vessels. Constriction of bv that pass through the kidneyes futher slows the urine production (because urine is derived from blood as it passes through kidneys. If there is less blood, there will be less urine). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in giving birth; stimulates smooth muscle in uterus causing discahge of fetus during delivery; causes milk expulsion in lactating females |
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT PNEUMONIC TO REMEMBER PIT HORMONES |
|
Definition
| LOOK AT PNEUMONIC TO REMEMBER PIT HORMONES |
|
|
Term
| what is most common area in brain to get tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pit tumors account for what % of intracranial neoplasms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe growth of pit tumor |
|
Definition
| most benign and slow growing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HA, nausea and vomiting, sexual dysfunction (FSH, LH), high BP (ADH), diabetes (ACTH, GH), irregular periods and lacation with no pregnancy (prolactin), acromegaly: hands, feet, and face are larger than normal (GH), Cushing's disease: fat builds up in face, back and chest, and arms and legs become very thin; EOM disorders due to invasion of cavernous sinus; VF loss (bitemporal defects) |
|
|
Term
| goals of treatments for pit tumor |
|
Definition
| normalization of excess pit secretion; ridding patient of signs or symptoms of abnormal hormone secretion; shrinkage of large masses to relieve compression of adjacent structures |
|
|
Term
| treatment options for pit tumor |
|
Definition
| transsphenoidal surgery (through nose); radiation; medications to block pit from producisng too many hromones |
|
|
Term
| limbic system includes parts of what 2 strucutres of brain |
|
Definition
| cerebrum and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal area |
|
|
Term
| what does the limbic system all refer to |
|
Definition
| cingulate gyrus (just above corpus callosum); parahippocampla gyrus and hippocampus (medial side of temporal lobe); amygdala (front of hippocampaus... emotional response to diff stimuli; various nuclei (anterior and medial nucleir of thalamus, dentate nucleus of hippo, septal nuclei); orbiotofrontal cortex; hypothalamus inclduing mammillary bodies; tracts above areas |
|
|
Term
| functions of limbic system |
|
Definition
| emotions (fear, social gestures, organ function), memory, autonomic response to smell, emotion, mood and other functions; motivation; mood; senessations of pain and pleasure; reproduction; nutrition |
|
|
Term
| emotional behabiors and motivation are regualted by: |
|
Definition
| amygadala, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, areas in hypothalamus, anterior nuclei of thalamus |
|
|
Term
| emotions are intimately tied to decision making |
|
Definition
| destruction of amygdala (causes "lurch" in stomach) bilaterally causes animals to be fearless and placid. the don't respond to threats or social gestures |
|
|
Term
| excessive ____ is associated with stress-related disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structures are essential from prcoessing of memories |
|
Definition
| hippocampus, medial thalamic nuclei, posterior limbic cortex (including cingulate and parahippocampal gyri), amygdala, and septal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what are the three distinct types of memory |
|
Definition
| emotional, declarative (recalling facts, past events, concepts), and procedural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invovles amygdala; damage to either of the other 2 memory systems doesn't affect this one; destruction of amygdala impairs ability to learn or remember the appropriate emotional and autonomic response to stimuli; amygdala is also involved in weighting the importance of facts that will be committed to memory (a memory associate with a strong emotion is more likely to be remembered) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires attention during recall; three stages: immediate (lasts only 1-2 seconds; processed only in sensory cortex), short term (lost after 1 min unless continously reheresed), long term (occurs after short term has been processed); parts of limbi system are essential for converting short-term memory to long term memory (memories aren't stored in limbic structures); brain changes that are thought to occur with long term memeory of called long-term potentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| practice is required to store procedural memories; once skill is learned, attention is not required to perform task; three stages for learning a skill: cognitive (person trying to understand task; may talk their way through a task), associative (person refines the movements according to what they find to be most effectiuve mehtod), autonomous (movement are automatic, not requiring attention) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things does the cerebrum consist of |
|
Definition
| diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| where is the gray and white matter in the brain |
|
Definition
| gray is on top (very thin and covers cerebral hemispheres) and white is below (more dense; subcortical) |
|
|
Term
| different densities in the cortex may cause what in trauma? What is this? |
|
Definition
| it may cause shearing. shearing is breaking off at connection and happens depending on speed/force (silly puddy example) |
|
|
Term
| how many total cells are in cerebrum? how many total synapses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all gray matter areas of cortex contain ___ cell layers, except for __ and __ which only have 3. |
|
Definition
| 6; olfactory; medial temporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of the olfactory and meidal temporal cortex in gray matter in cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| pyramidal (output cells with long axons); fusiform (spindle shaped output cells project to thalamus); stellate (small inerneurons which remain within cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| big; can carry information between layers; cells whose axons leave striate cortex forming tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function within layers of cortex, carry information between layers; don't leave cortex |
|
|
Term
cortical histology:
1) Molecular layer
2) external granular layer
3) external pyramidal layer
4) internal granular layer
5) internal pyramidal layer
6) multiform layer |
|
Definition
1) mostly axons/dendrites
2) sm pyramidal and some stellate
3) pyramidal communicates with lower layers
4) stellate
5) pyramidal bodies with neurons connect within each other
6) fusiform cells and end of pyramidal |
|
|
Term
| what 3 fibers do myelinated axons have |
|
Definition
| projection, commisural, association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend from subcortical structures to cerebral cortex to thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord; majority travel through the internal capsule (acts as bottle neck); axons fan out to project to/receive from various cortical areas |
|
|
Term
| why does a small lesion in the internal capsule of projection fibers have such a large effect |
|
Definition
| cuz it's such a small area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| link homologous areas of cerebral hemispheres; includes corpus collosum (links hemispheres and anterior and posterior commisures, lets two sides of brain communicate with each other); link areas that have similar functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect areas within a hemisphere (short connect adjacent gyri; long connect lobes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect 2 sides of brain with functions that normally go together (same area to same area)... like verbal and non-verbal communication skills |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 basic divisions of the cortex |
|
Definition
| frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital |
|
|
Term
| what causes the two lobes of cerebrum to look identical but not... |
|
Definition
| each lobe is organized into many different functional areas |
|
|
Term
| how many functionl areas are there in the brain? how many are devoted to vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 diff ways we think about brain organization |
|
Definition
1) "localization of function" (primary sensory, motor, association)
2) major divisions (parietal, temporal etc)
3) cytoarchitecture (size and density of cell bodies)
4) myeloarchitecture (distribution of myelin fibers... least commonly used way) |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 localization of function |
|
Definition
| primary sensory, sensory association, primary motor, association area |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 functional categories |
|
Definition
1) primary sensory cortex (different intensities and qualities of sensory info... looks at intensity of diff stimuli)
2) sensory association (more complex sensory... take stimulation and put stuff together to something meaningful)
3) motor planning (organize movement... template in brain to move certain way)
4) primary motor (descending control of movement...take plan and execute it)
5) association (controls behaviors, interprets sensation, emotions, memories) |
|
|
Term
| where are the primary sensory areas located? which one is not located here? |
|
Definition
| usually on gyri of brain; vestibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| info from tactile and proprioception (know where limbs are in space); location of stimuli; discrimination of shapes, size, texture (identify something by touch with seeing it); nociceptive (pain when appropriate and goes away when pain's gone) and temp pathways more widespread |
|
|
Term
| what happens when have functional loss in the 4 major primary sensory areas? |
|
Definition
| somatosensory: loss of tactile localization and conscious propriopception; vestibular: change in awareness of head position; visual: homonymous hemianopia; auditory: loss of conscious localization of sounds |
|
|
Term
| what do sensory association areas do |
|
Definition
| analyze sensory input of ONE type of sensory info |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 sensory association areas? what do they do? |
|
Definition
somatosensory (stereognosis [figure stuff out that you feel] and memory of tactile)
visual (analysis of color, motion, and fixation)
auditory (classification of sounds- compares with memory) |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you have functional loss in the 3 sensory association areas? |
|
Definition
1) asterognosis (inability to recognize objects you feel)
2) visual agnosia (identify size and shape but can't put name to it) or prospagnosia (can't recognize faces)
3) auditory agnosia (can't recognize language... L: speech R: other words/sounds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper motor neurons (start in motor cortex and go to brain stem... tell things what to do); most contralateral voluntary movement; some bilateral (things that usually work together... like back and forehead); motor planning area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Way things are arranged (Head, Arm, Leg)
Head is by the frontoparietal lobe
leg is by midline between cerebral hemisperheres |
|
|
Term
| in communication, the dominant side of the brain pays attention to ___ and the non-dominant side pays attention to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 areas of the motor planning area and what do they do? |
|
Definition
1) supplementary (initiation of movement- get head and eyes right)
2) premotor (trunk and girdle- ready to move)
3) Broca's (in left hemisphere... movement of mouth, grammar: planning to speak/formulate) |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you get motor area lesions |
|
Definition
| loss of fractionaion of movement with paresis (using fingers in controled way); apraxia (inability to execture voluntary movement even if muscles are fine- signla from brain is wrong); perseveration; broca's aphaisa (non-fluent aphasia... get 1 words out at a time and words that come out don't make sense) |
|
|
Term
| what are association areas |
|
Definition
| areas of cortex not directly involved with sensation or movement... do lots of different things |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 association areas and what do they do |
|
Definition
| prefrontal (self-awareness; planning; not fully developed until 25); parietotemporal (sesnory integration, spatial relationsl, language); limbic (emotion, memory, fear) |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you have association area lesions |
|
Definition
| loss of executive functions and divergent thinking; disturbances of personality and emotions; wernicke's aphasia (ramble in a non-fluent way... doesn't make any sesnse) and/or neglect |
|
|
Term
| both language and speech are loaclized in what hemisphere in 95% of ppl? what are the 2 communication areas? |
|
Definition
| left hemispehere; wernicke's (comprehension) and broca's (expressive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left parietotemporal cortex; mediates comprehension of spoken language; corresponding area in RIGHT hemisphere mediates interpretation of nonverbal communications (gestures, facial expession, tone of voice) and spatial relation between body and external world; pays attention to what hear in spoken area and other side (non-verbal cues) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left frontal lobe; mediates language output (speech); corresponding area in RIGHT hemisphere mediates instructions for nonverbal communication |
|
|
Term
| pathology of optic nerve affects what entrance skills test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathology to ____ optic nerve rarely affects VA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ findings are more valuable in determination of pathaology than negative findings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coup: brain hits forward wall
contrecoup: hits back wall
brain going back and forth with force after impact; bottom of skull is rough and can cause bleeds and other problems |
|
|
Term
| neurological defects from frontal lobe pathology |
|
Definition
| seizures; mental changes (depression, euphoria, denial... deny stymptoms cuz of frontal lobe deals with self-awarness: they're not aware of their lack of recognition); inappropriate language or behavior (may act out but not directed at anything... generalized); nonfluent aphasia (Broca's... 1 word at a time); confabulation (lying about things but have gap in memory and pull up missing details with another memory); anosmia (smell problems); contralateral hemiparesis and grasping reflex (difficulty moving one side) |
|
|
Term
| frontal lobe lesion would fail what two tests |
|
Definition
| trailmaking test, wisconsin card sorting |
|
|
Term
| parasellar tumors account for __% of all CNS neoplasms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common tumor in this region; age group 20-40; grow rapidly during pregnancy; prolactin assay positive in 75% of adenomas; if get increase in HA during pregnancy, get concerned that it's homrone driven tumor |
|
|
Term
| neurological defects from chiasmal pathology |
|
Definition
| often neurologically silent, severe HA, amenorrhea (lose your period), EOM palsy, decreased consciousness, loss of libido, secondary hypothyroidism (pit sets off chain of events that stimulate thyroid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumors more common than stroke (gliomas most common, meningiomas second...slow growing); optic radiations supplied by middle cerebral artery; "pie in the sky" |
|
|
Term
| neurological defects from temporal lobe pathology |
|
Definition
| formed auditory and visual hallucinations; uncinate (from uncus area of temp lobe) and psychomotor first: EPILEPSY; deja vu and jamais vu (opposite of deja vu) experiences; confusion; automatic behavior (inappropriate behaviors); "fluent" aphasia (wernicke's aphasia); directed aggression (inappropriate/aggressive behavior directed at something/someone); bilateral tinnitus (rining in ear) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major processing streams from the striate cortex |
|
Definition
1) ventral or temporal ("what it is") Parvo stream (specific color/detail)
2) dorsal parietal ("where it is") magno stream |
|
|
Term
| ventral stream: "what is is" |
|
Definition
| comes from occipital lobe and goes to processing to tell color/detail/faces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly resulting from throboemoblic stroke; supplied by middle cerebral artery; parietal-occipital border supplied by posterior cerebral artery; primary receptive area for somataesthetic information (tactile defects rather than numbness) |
|
|
Term
| neurological defects from parietal lobe pathology |
|
Definition
| disabilities often subtle and rationalized by patients; extinction (ignore one side/neglect one half of body) and attentioanl defects (corporal agnosia and anosognosia for hemiplegia); seizures with sensory focus |
|
|
Term
| how do you know which is your dominate hemisphere |
|
Definition
| opposite to which hand you write with |
|
|
Term
| what is a test for neglect |
|
Definition
| line bisection or line cancelation |
|
|
Term
| neurological defects from dominat parietal lobe pathology |
|
Definition
| difficulties in visual cognitive function and symbolic behavior; alexia (can't read); agraphia (if angular gyrus is involved...can't write); receptive aphasia (dont understand what you're saying... can't process words) |
|
|
Term
| nondominant parietal lobe lesions |
|
Definition
| synthesizes spatial information into formed percepts (can't find their way around); topographical agnosia; apraxia (inovoluntary movement); spatial agnosia; dressing apraxia; unformed or semiformed visual hallunications |
|
|
Term
| dorsal stream: "where it is" |
|
Definition
| can't anticipate movement (looks like series of snapshots) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep doing something over and over again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defects tend to be vascular or traumatic (very sensitive to anoxia); supplied by two poserior cerebral arteries; macula supplied by middle cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
| the blood supply to optic radiation is important why? |
|
Definition
| macular sparing VF because it has a second blood supply |
|
|
Term
| neurological defects from occipital lobe pathology |
|
Definition
| usually neurologically silent; epileptic attacks; mild mental abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT MNEMONIC FOR CRANIAL NERVERS |
|
Definition
| LOOK AT CRANIAL NERVES MNEMOICN |
|
|
Term
| which 2 nerves don't have nucleus in brainsttem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nerves are sensory, motor, or both |
|
Definition
| "Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says 'Bad Business Marrying Money'" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premotor afferent neural pathways from the cerebral hemispeheres and cerebellum (send signal to nucleus of cranial nerve and say it wants to do something) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nucleus of the cranial nerve, most located in brainstem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the "cranial nerve" from the nucleus until it exits the brainstem (from nucleus and starts to go out of brainstem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathways connecting nuclei (nucleus of diff nerves connect and can move muscles together) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to the nerve in brainstem (fascicle) or after it exits teh brainstem (cranial nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal cells in basement membrane produce new receptor cells; only aread of CNS that continuosly regenreates cells (60 day turnover) |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary olfactory area and what structures does it contain |
|
Definition
| rhinencephalon; olfactory association area, hypothalamus, thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is involved when you smell something and it brings you back to a certain time and place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only sensory nerve that has primary sensory neurons in epithelium as receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problems with olfactory N |
|
Definition
| difficulty smelling; diminished taste of food (ageusia) |
|
|
Term
| what could pathology be for olfactory N problem |
|
Definition
| cold/allergy (receptro); viral (flu, herpes simplex, hepatitis) (receptor); trauma (shearing olfactory axons- cribriform plate) (primary axon), neoplams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to perceive odors |
|
|
Term
| what is foster-kennedy syndrome |
|
Definition
| contellation of findings associated with tumors in frontal lobe: optic atrophy (ipsilateral eye); papilledema (contralateral eye); CNI or CNII compression; anosmia (ipsilateral) |
|
|
Term
| olfactory N optometric concerns |
|
Definition
| ON compression (cuz so close to each other); possible eye movement anomalies (front lobe is big player in eye movements) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hold neutral density filter in front of good eye; want to equalize eyes |
|
|
Term
| optic nerve optometric concerns |
|
Definition
| decreased VA, decreased VF, APD |
|
|
Term
| how far back in the brain does the oculomtor nerve start |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ N palsy presents most devasting pciture of any EOM palsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will eyes look like with 3rd nerve plasy |
|
Definition
| eye won't go up, down, in; ptosis; pupil dilated; often intorsion |
|
|
Term
| what blood vessel is ruperior to CN 3 and can cause problems |
|
Definition
| posterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| what should you worry about in congential CN 3 palsy |
|
Definition
| about ptosis blocking visual axis and creating amblyopia |
|
|
Term
| besides the posterior communitating artery, which other BV can cause problems for the 3rd CN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two factors are involved with 3rd nerve problems |
|
Definition
| accommodation and convergence |
|
|
Term
| what is an early sign of problem with cn 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the 3rd N divide into sup and inf portions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whent the 3rd N enters the orbit, where do the sup and inf divisions go |
|
Definition
sup: SR and levator
inf: everything else |
|
|
Term
| the pupil is rarely spared in ___ is cause of sudden 3 N palsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pupil is usually affected with ____ but not ___ in 3 N |
|
Definition
| compression; microvascular probelsm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break twigs off nerve and needs to be connected to something; can connect to stuff it's not supposed to |
|
|
Term
| causes of aberrant regeneration |
|
Definition
| congenital, trauma, neoplasm, aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| optometric concerns with 3 N |
|
Definition
| efferent anomalies (pupil is larger), 4 of 6 EOMS affected, diplopia, torsion possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head trauma, congenital, ischemic neuropathy, pressure from vascular disease or hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| what happens with superior oblique palsy |
|
Definition
| diplopia in downgaze, and one horiztonal direction; head tilt; large vertical fusion amplitudes; history of intermittent diplopia when tired |
|
|
Term
| what is the course of the trochlear n like |
|
Definition
| goes around whole outside of brainstem; very long course |
|
|
Term
| aneurysms affect the __ N more than the ___, bubt less than the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| congenital ___ N palsies are common? they share most frequent cause with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage the the 4 N will create problems with what EOM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when patient has a problem with an EOM or nerve,how will they tilt their head |
|
Definition
| will tilt head to side that is opposite of bad muscle |
|
|
Term
| when a ptient comes in witha head tilt, what 2 things can you assume |
|
Definition
1) palsy of nerve/muscle opposite of turn
2) tilt head cuz they're fusing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family Albuum Topogprahy: look at old pics to see if head tilt is recent or old |
|
|
Term
| optometric concerns with 4 nerve problems |
|
Definition
| vertical dipolopa, torsion, note head tilt |
|
|
Term
| trigeminal nerve components |
|
Definition
| contains largest sensroy glangion in skull; both motor and sensory; motor nucleus is small, round and in pons; sensory nucleus is long, pons into medulla to spine |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 branches of trigeminal N |
|
Definition
| V1: ophthalmic, V2: maxillary, V3: mandibular |
|
|
Term
| 3 major branches of ophthalmic division and what do they do |
|
Definition
| frontal n (medial upper eyelid, medial forehead); lacrimal n (lateral upper eyelid, conjuctiva, lacrimal gland); nasociliary n (medial eyelid, side of nose, ethmoid, ciliary nerves (afferent corneal reflex) |
|
|
Term
| how to test corneal reflex (nasociliary nerve) |
|
Definition
| have pt look up slightly, bring floss in to touch lower cornea, switch ends for other eye |
|
|
Term
| what is the blink reflex pathway |
|
Definition
| nasociliary n to midbrain to facial nerve to eyelid |
|
|
Term
| blink reflex is a relationship between what 2 nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maxillary n (part of trigeminal) |
|
Definition
| zygomatic, infraorbital, superior alveolar, palatine nerves; upper teeth, hard palate, nasopharynx, nasopalatine nerve |
|
|
Term
| mandibular (branch off trigeminal) |
|
Definition
| buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, auriculotemporal; lower jaw, teeth, gums, anterior 2/3 tongue, invovled in chewing |
|
|
Term
| referred pain can deal with what nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V1 and V2 of trigeminal go where, and V3 goes where? |
|
Definition
| through lower cavernous sinus; below cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| all divisions of trigeminal nerve join where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 things can the divisions of trig nerve be tested for |
|
Definition
| proprioception, light touch/vibation, pain |
|
|
Term
| trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) |
|
Definition
| severe, sharp, stabbing pain; often triggered by a specific stimuli; pain lasts less than 2 minutes |
|
|
Term
| organization of V N receptors rostral to caudal |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive, light touch (vibration), pain (temp) |
|
|
Term
| optometric concerns with trigem n |
|
Definition
| afferent portion of corneal blink reflex |
|
|
Term
| 6 N paired nuclei at what level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 N contain 2 types of neurons |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral to LR and contralateral through MLF (medial longitudinal fasiculus) to MR |
|
|
Term
| nuclear lesion in 6 n causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 6 n fascicle gors through __ to __ |
|
Definition
| tegmentum to pontomedullary junction |
|
|
Term
| MS or strokes cause prbolem in )___ n |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ n palsies are most common ophthalmoplegia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes out bottom of pons, to medulla, thourh petrous bone |
|
|
Term
| what ligamient tethers the 6 N down so when the head moves, it doesnt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 6 n is located right next to what blood vessel in cav sinus so if there is an aneruysm here, it will cause a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of 6 n palsy due to trauma resolve completely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the 6 n crosses ____, it's subject to trauma and inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if children are havingf probelm with hearing and eyesight, what nerve would you consider |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve circles around the 6th |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optometric concerns with 6 n |
|
Definition
| horizontal diplopia (usually worse in field of palsy), esotpropia, common post stroke and trauma |
|
|
Term
| what nerve is susceptible to alcohol and causes you to see double when you drink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 components of the 7 N and what do they do |
|
Definition
1) somatic (brachial) motor: in pons- grows around VI nuclei. closes lid, moves lips, facial expressions, efferent corneal reflex
2) visceral motor: superior salivatory nucleus. lacrimates and salivates (parasympathetic)
3) somatic sensory: minor- around ear
4) visceral sensroy: anterior 2/3 tongue, pharynx, taste buds. touch, pain, pressure. nucleus solitarius |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 grouped nucleir and are they sensory or motor? what evaluation are they important with |
|
Definition
| solitarius (sensory), ambigus (motor); importnat with vertigo evaluation |
|
|
Term
| if someone has trouble with vertigo, taste, swallowing, speech... where should you suspect a problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you test the 7 nerve |
|
Definition
| ask them to smile, wrinkle nose, and lift eyebrows |
|
|
Term
| upper motor nerve of 7 N goes to ___ and lower motor nerve of 7 N goes to ___. |
|
Definition
upper: bilateral to forehead, contra to lower
lower: ipsi upper and lower |
|
|
Term
| if you have 1/2 your whole face involved in a 7 N damage, you would sustepect upper or lower damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lid innervation are by what 2 nerves and what do they do |
|
Definition
CN 7: (looks like a hook) and closes the lid (if damage, the lid can't close)
CN 3: (looks like pilars) and holds eye open (damage will cause ptosis) |
|
|
Term
| what is bell's reflex and why is it important |
|
Definition
| try to blink and eyes role up and cornea goes up in diff position (wipe cornea when blink to clean cornea and for protection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ipsilateral facial palsy (peripheral); from cold temp, virus, idiopathtic, trauma; unable to wrinkle brow, nose, smile, weak lid closure; flattened nasolabial fold; difficulty in puffing out cheeks; problem with lower neuron of 7th nereve; 80% recovery in 2 months |
|
|
Term
| when multiple nerve palsies, which 2 areas should you think about |
|
Definition
| cavernous sinus and brainstem |
|
|
Term
| optometric concerns with 7 n problem |
|
Definition
| controls lid closure (corneal exposure if not compensated); discomfort, ulcers, and treatment issues |
|
|
Term
| what nerve is responsible for hearing and balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 n is a two part sensory nerve that consists of: |
|
Definition
vestibular: info on head position and movement
cochlear: info on hearing |
|
|
Term
| what nuclei coordinates motor activities involved in eye and skeletal movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of vestibular dysfunction and what do they consist of |
|
Definition
1) peripheral (outside central area of brain): recurring periods of vertigo (whole world moving around), always nystagmus
2) central (usually vascular or tumor): damage to vestibular nuclei or connections, milder symptoms than peripheral |
|
|
Term
| common peripheral diagnsoses |
|
Definition
| benign paroxysmal postional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, meniere's disease |
|
|
Term
| Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo |
|
Definition
| true vertigo, always positional (lying down, rolling over, getting up, bending over, looking up... short duration- only lasts for a few seconds); no associated hearing loss (only vestibular); head trauma, post labyrinthitis, elderly; psotive Hallpike maneuver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time; particle repositioning maneuvers; cawthorne (habituation) exerices; occassionally medication; rarely surgery; rarely disabling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get rid of BPPV by head maneuver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden onset, severe tru vertigo, nausea, difficulty walking, motion sensitivity; absence of auditory symptoms; severe symptoms 1-3 days; gradual resolution, days-weeks; chronis symptoms in 10%; longer lasting, not position dependent; problems walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute phase: reassurance, vestibular suppressants, steroids, anti-emetics
subacute pahse: discontinue meds, activity
chronic phase: exercies, PT (get ppl used to dealing with it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| episodic vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in ear), aural fullness (feel like something stuffed in ear); no other identifiable causes; usually unilateral, 10% bilateral; no gender/age preference (adults); unassociated with other health conditions |
|
|
Term
| meiere's disease vertigo and hearing loss |
|
Definition
vertigo: attacks, sudden onset, no pattern or positional provocation, 30 min - several hours, generally normal between events
hearing loss: low or all frequencies, fluctuating, rarely gradual, paradoxical noise sensitivity (don't expect it to happen, have hearing loss but very sensitive to sound), distortion; may last longer |
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Term
| meniere's disease tinnitus and aural fullness |
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Definition
tinnitus: fluctuating, often low pitched, roaring, may correlate with attacks
aural fullness: fluctuating plugged senesation, may correlate with other auditory symptoms |
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Term
| meniere's disease treatments |
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Definition
| low sodium diet; diuretics; vestibular suppressants (not as sensitive... benzodiazepines); gentamic injections (AB but 8 N is very senstive to damage by is so would sacrifice hearing to get rid of diziness); surgery (shunt 8 n section, labyrinthectomy) |
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Term
| acoustic neuromas are what? what nerves do they affect? |
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Definition
| slow growing tumor pressing on area of brainstem (pons). will affect 5, 6, 7, 8 |
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Term
| sensory organization deficit |
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Definition
| mild, moderate or severe head injury; disruption of central processing of visual, vestibular and proprioceptive input; chronic dyequilibrium (no spinning); visual sensitivity: loss, stimulation, conflict; vestibular PT; prognosis varies with severity of trauma; safety/work issues |
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Term
| optometric concernes with 8 nerve |
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Definition
| nystagmus; oscillopsia (what patient expereinces... moving world); equillibrium (puts greater responsibilty on bioncularity); common follwoing head trauma |
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Term
| glossopharyngeal sensory and motor |
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Definition
sensory: from soft palate and pharynx; also chemoreceptors in posterior tongue; afferent gag reflex
motor: pharyngeal muscle and parotid salviary gland |
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Term
| barorecptors and chemoreptors are associated with what nerve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long and largest visceral sensory nerve; goes through thorax and abdomen (brainstem to colon); afferent and efferent innervation (larynx, pharynx, viscera; visceral afferents (inferior nucleus); mtoro fibers (nucleus ambigusus and dorsal efferent); parasympathetic fibers to: larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs, hear, GI tract, pancreas, gallbladder, liver; test motor function efferent gag reflex; damage may cause hoarsness *larynx) and difficulty with the "kuh" sound (soft palate) |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease HR, constrict bronchi, affect speech, increase difestive activity |
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Term
| optometric concerns with vagus nerve |
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Definition
| vaso-vagal response (patient passing out when eye is touched) |
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Term
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Definition
| motor nerve; trapezius and sternocleidomastoid; direct portion: sterno portion; longer portion: trapezius portion |
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Term
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Definition
| complete lesion: ipsilateral paralysis; upper motor lesion: hypertonic (things might be clenched up) |
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Term
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Definition
1) R cortex to R lower motor neuron to ipsi sternomastoid which elevates chine and turns head to left
2) right cortex to left lower motor neuron to contralateral trapezius muscle which elevates left shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| push on side of head to see if they can ressit force; see if they can shrug their shoulders |
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Term
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Definition
| motor: ipsilateral muscles of tongue; both voluntary and reflexive circuits (want to stick tongure out and gag) |
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Term
| lower motor neuron lesion of 12 n, what will happen to tongue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hypoglossal defect causes problem trying to say "la" (tongue coordination and tongue deviation) |
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Term
| optometric concerns with 12 n |
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Definition
| carotid dissection can cause pupillary anomalies (efferent) |
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Term
| LOOK OVER ENTIRE BRAINSTEM PACK |
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Definition
| LOOK OVER ENTIRE BRAINSTEM PACK |
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