Term
| Function prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| function reticular nucleus |
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Definition
| receive calloaterals and inhibit thalamic neurons by GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| post cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery |
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Term
| effects of thalamic blood supply involvement |
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Definition
| exaggerated pain; hemianesthesia opp side; sensory ataxia opp side; some contralateral paralysis from int capsule proximity |
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Term
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Definition
HEAL Homeostasis endocrine autonomic limbic lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| periventricular; medial ; lateral- each contains all 4 regions |
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Term
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Definition
ant to post optic chiasma tuber cinareum mamillary bodies posterior perforated substance |
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Term
| function preoptic nucleus |
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Definition
| GABA- induce sleep by inhibiting histaminergic neurons in tuberomamillary region |
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Term
| function supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei |
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Definition
| produce ADH and oxytocin for secretion to posterior pituitary |
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Term
| function ventromedial thalamic nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| function mamillary thalamic nuclei |
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Definition
| memory and center for inc body temp by inducing shiver/teeth clatter |
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Term
| function thalamic lateral nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior thalamus bilateral lesion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate secretion of histamine and keep awake |
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Term
| dysfunction in orexin system |
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Definition
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Term
| dopamine effect on direct/indirect path of basal ganglia |
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Definition
excite direct path inhibit indirect path |
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Term
ACh effect on intrinsic basal ganglia connection |
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Definition
| excite indirect pathway- result in inhibition of cortex |
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Term
| what is parkinsons disease |
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Definition
| dopaminergic neurons of pars compacta degenerate- result in net inhibition of thalamus |
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Term
| treatment of parkinsons disease |
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Definition
| antiACh to dec inhibition of thalamus- or enhance dopamine transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| subthalmic nucleus lesion- dec excitation of globus pallidus- result in less inhibition of thalamus |
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Term
| what is huntington's disease |
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Definition
| striatal neurons degenerate - remove inhibition of thalamus |
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Term
| what is lead pipe rigidity |
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Definition
| basal ganglia disorder- resistive tone more continuous through attempts to bend the limb |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal distorted positions of limb/trunk/face as result of basal ganglia damage |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal recessive disease of biliary copper excretion- progressive degeneration liver/basal ganglia- brownish outer corneal deposits of copper (kayer fleisher rings) |
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Term
| what is sydenham's chorea |
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Definition
| nontreatment of streptococcal infections- cross rxn of antistreptococcal antibodies with striatal neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| brief action preceded by urge to perform- followed by sense of relief |
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Term
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Definition
| tic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance |
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Term
| involvement post limb int capsule result in? |
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Definition
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Term
| rentrolentiform internal capsule fibers |
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Definition
afferent (visual to cortex) efferent (occipitopontine) |
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Term
| Charcots artery of cerebral hemorrhage |
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Definition
| artery of lateral striate branches of middle cerebral artery- prone for hemorrhage in hypertensives- if involve post limb results in contralateral hemiplegia |
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Term
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Definition
HOME homeostasis olfactory memory emotion |
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Term
| what is the perforant pathway |
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Definition
limbic lobe- memory entorhinal cortex-dentate gyrus-CA3-fornix/schaffer collateral-CA1-pyramidal cell-fornix/subiculum-entorhinal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
memory- limbic lobe entorhinal cortex- subiculum-CA1-CA3-CA1-subiculum-entorhinal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| hippocampus-fornix-lateral septal nuclei-medial septal nuclei-fornix-hippocampal formation |
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Term
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Definition
| subiculum-fornix-mamillary nuclei of mam body-ant thalamic nucleus-cingulate gyrus-cingulum-parahippocampal gyrus-entorhinal cortex-hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| AMPA bind glutamate- pop MG out NMDA- allow ca enter- memory occurs- more Ca enter allow memory written to genes |
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Term
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Definition
| loss declarative memory- anterograde or retrograde |
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Term
| important nucleus for habit and nondeclarative type learning |
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Definition
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Term
| lesion to artery of percheron |
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Definition
| bilateral medial thalamic structures- loss memory |
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Term
| wernicke korsakoff syndrome |
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Definition
| thiamine deficiency (alcoholics) - bilateral necrosis of mam bodies- anterograde/retrograde amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
bilateral loss amygdala- behavior placid/tame/nonagressive- loss memory/docility LICK SEX |
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Term
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Definition
~amygdala- stria terminalis- septal nuclei ~corticomedial nucleus of thalamus (olfaction) - stria terminalis-ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus |
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Term
| what does the anterior commissure connect |
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Definition
| bilateral amygdala and anterior temporal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
*paraterminal gyrus- subcallosal gyrus-cingulate gyrus-parahippocampal gyrus-uncus *dentate gyrus- medial/lat longitudinal striae- paraterminal gyrus *hippocampus- fornix-lateral septal nuclei- medial septal nuclei-fornix - hippocampus *amygdala-stria terminalis-lateral septal nuclei-stria medullaris- habenular nucleus- habenulopeduncular tract-interpeduncular nucleus-raphe/dopaminergic nuclei |
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Term
| broadman # primary motor cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| premotor and supplementary motor area # |
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Definition
| 6- PMA lateral-proximal motor unit; SMA medial- distal motor unit |
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Term
| primary sensory cortex broadmann # |
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Definition
3a 3 b 1 2 postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe |
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Term
| areas of primary sensory cortex |
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Definition
3b- primary 3a- proprioception 1-texture 2 size shape |
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Term
| what are general sensations |
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Definition
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Term
| function of inferior parietal lobule |
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Definition
higher sensory association (multimodal) supramarginal gyrus: around lateral sulcus 40 angular gyrus: end of sup temporal sulcus 39 |
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Term
| heteromodal of inferior parietal lobule |
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Definition
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Term
| syndromes of superior temporal gyrus |
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Definition
| acoustic agnosia - cant identify sound (cant differentiate between barking dog and ringing of a bell) |
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Term
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Definition
| 17- either side of calcarine sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
18, 19 secondary visual area outside primary visual- unimodal |
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Term
| function frontal eye field |
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Definition
fast movement of eyes to opposite side- located in posterior part of middle frontal gyrus #8 |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal eye field- opp PPRF- same abducent as PPRF- same lat rect and opp med rect of PPRF |
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Term
| frontal eye field injury- are eyes paralyzed |
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Definition
NO- oculomotor trochlear and abducent nuclei still intact- respond to normal visual activity *just loss of horizontal conjugation to side opposite the lesion of FEF |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal motor cortex lesion with opposite body paralysis (corticospinal tract) and deviation eyes to same side lesion |
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Term
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Definition
lesion in pons near PPRF- eyes turn AWAY from lesion and opp body paralysis "look at the paralysis" |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in language processing from dysfunction dominant cerebral hemisphere; in wernicke broca or arcuate fasciculus |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory/fluent/posterior aphasia involves loss of comprehension and impaired repetition |
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Term
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Definition
non-fluent/motor expressive/anterior aphasia impaired fluency/impaired repetition/normal comprehension |
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Term
| arcuate fasciculus lesion |
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Definition
conduction aphasia impaired repetition |
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Term
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Definition
impaired fluency/comprehension/repetition due to left middle cerebral artery infarct (sup/inf branches) |
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Term
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Definition
| impaired repetition; loss blood (middle cerebral artery in lateral sulcus) to arcuate fasciculus- just impaired repetition |
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Term
| what is transcortical aphasia? |
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Definition
resemble broca/wernicke/global aphasia EXCEPT repetition is spared- due to watershed infarct motor or sensory |
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Term
| transcortical motor aphasia |
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Definition
watershed infarct (ant/middle cerebral arteries) |
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Term
| transcortical senosry aphasia |
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Definition
watershed infarct (middle/post cerebral arteries) - wernickes area- loss comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
naming difficulties (normal comp/repetition/fluency) *cortical/subcortical lesion dominant hemisphere/recovery from severe forms of aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| lesion in dominant occipital cortex extends to posterior corpus callosum due to posterior cerebral artery infarct- right hemianopia- disconnection syndrome |
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Term
| what is gerstmann's syndrome |
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Definition
dominant inferior parietal lobule in region of angular gyrus whow agraphia/acalculia/right and left disorientation/finger agnosia |
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Term
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Definition
| loss ability of movements despite desire/physical ability to do said movement- a disconnection syndrome |
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Term
| what is ideomotor/ideational apraxia |
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Definition
| disturbance of voluntary movement- misuse objects due to difficulty identifying concept or purpose of object- motor movement not lost- just READY SET GO lesion |
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Term
| what is corpus callosotomy |
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Definition
| sever corpus callosum in epilepsy- prevent seizure from spreading to opposite hemisphere- cessation of epilepsy- result in disconnection syndrome |
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Term
| deficits of disconnection syndrome |
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Definition
left hand apraxia alexia without agraphia agraphia left hand inability to name objects in left hand with eye close inability to read left hemifield |
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Term
| what is hemineglect syndrome |
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Definition
| neglect contralateral half of external world and contralateral half of the body; due to infarct/lesion of right parietal/frontal lobe- anasognosia |
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Term
| syndromes of inferior occipitotemporal cortex |
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Definition
prosapognosia (inability to identify faces) achromatopsia (loss color sensation/everything appears gray to them) |
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Term
| What are the syndromes of dorsolateral parietooccipital cortex |
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Definition
"where"stream of visual input involvement- deficit in visual processing- unable to perceive visual scene as whole |
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Term
| What is Balints syndrome? |
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Definition
Dorsolateral parietooccipital cortex path/parietal lobe involvement ~optic ataxia ( inability to move hand to object using vision) ~ocular apraxia (inability to voluntarily control gaze) ~simultagnosia (inability to recognize more than one object shown at same time |
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Term
| syndromes of inferior occipitotemporal cortex |
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Definition
prosapognosia (inability to identify the faces) achromatopsia (loss color sensation/everything appears gray to them) |
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Term
| what are the syndromes of middle temporal gyrus |
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Definition
| movement agnosia (pt cant differentiate between moving/stationary object) |
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Term
| What role does ACh play in synchronosity of brain |
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Definition
| ACH level reduces and desensitizes thalamic neurons; reticular nuclei inhibits thalamic neurons- produce high amplitude low frequency waves during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior hypothalamus promotes it! ventrolateral preoptic area has GABAergic neurons that inhibit histaminergic neurons of tuberomamillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus- inhibits histamine distribution- reduce Ach- reduce arousal |
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Term
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Definition
Paradoxical- after stage 4- deep but EEG resembles awake- GABA ergic neurons- inhibit norepenephrine release from locus ceruleus- inhibits 5HT ~brief phasic activities like rapid eye movements- mediated by REM-waking on cells |
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Term
| When do sleep behavioral disorders result? |
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Definition
| When REM-on cells mediated by glycine pathway are defective- result in complex activities during dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
Sleep disorder- go straight to REM during waking state due to deficit in NT hypocretin *sleep latency less than 15 minutes *REM latency less than 20 minutes |
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Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of Narcolepsy? |
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Definition
| Excessive daytime sleepiness; cataplexy; sleep paralysis; dream like hallucinations while awake |
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Term
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Definition
stopping of breathing during sleep- snoring- incomplete night sleep- can be life threatening |
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Term
| what is restless leg syndrome? |
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Definition
| uncomfortable when trying to sleep- cant sleep |
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Term
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Definition
blockage of aqueous humor circulation/reabsorption open angle closed angle |
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Term
| Open angle glaucoma and how to treat? |
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Definition
reduced permeability through trabeculae into canal of schlemn *treat with cholinomimetic drug- pilocarpine or diuretics |
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Term
| what is closed angle glaucoma |
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Definition
| angle of anterior chamber narrowed by forward movement of iris- thus obstructing removal of aqueous humor |
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Term
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Definition
| farsightedness- eye focus distant objects obly; give convex lens |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsightedness- lens and cornea give too much refraction to focus objects; give concave lens |
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Term
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Definition
| hardening of lens with new lens cells through life- give bifocal lens to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| refractory error in vertical/horizontal planes- contact lens can treat |
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Term
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Definition
| correct myopia by incisions in periphery of cornea- to flatten the cornea |
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Term
| what is strabismic amblyopia? |
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Definition
visual axes of 2 eyes not parallel- strabismus loss vision in nondominant eye (suppress its foveal vision to avoid double vision)- amblyopia |
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Term
| what is argyll robertson pupil |
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Definition
ARP- accomodation reflex persists pupikllary light reflex lost in syphilitic pt with CNS complication- selective loss pretectal area |
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Term
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Definition
pathology in ciliary ganglion- aniscoria sluggish response of pupil for light (may be associated with achilles reflex loss) |
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Term
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Definition
| one eye has optic nerve lesion- light shone in normal eye- constriction both pupils- but when light moves back/forth- less signal to lesion side edinger westphal nucleus SHUTS off PS response to light- paradoxical dilatation of both pupils |
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Term
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Definition
night blindness- vitamin A deficiency to dec level of pigment- *daylight still activates remaining pigment- cant in night ~treat with oral supplement Vitamin A |
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Term
| what is retinal detachment |
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Definition
| loss aposition between sensory retina/RPD- fluid from vitreous space flows through tears and detaches retina more- abnormal perception shadows and flashes of light |
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Term
| what is retinitis pigmentosa |
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Definition
progressive degeneration of photoreceptors- first sign loss peripheral vision and night vision- then total blindness- no cure but Vit A will slow degeneration *tunnel vision retained |
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Term
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Definition
| complete blindness that day |
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Term
| damage central part of optic chiasma |
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Definition
| nonhomonymous bitemporal hemianopia |
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Term
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Definition
| contralateral homonymous hemianopia |
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Term
| damage temporal lobe and meyers loop |
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Definition
| contralateral superior homonymous quadrantonopia (pie in sky disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| nonhomonymous bitemporal hemianopia |
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Term
| damage parietal lobe (superior optic radiation) |
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Definition
| contralateral inferior homonymous hemianopia (pie in floor disorder) |
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Term
| damage entire optic radiation |
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Definition
| contralateral homonymous hemianopia |
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Term
| lesion inferior bank calcarine sulcuc |
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Definition
| pie in sky- contralateral superior homonymous quadrantonopia |
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Term
| lesion superior bank calcarine sulcus |
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Definition
| pie in floor- contralateral inferior homonymous quadrantonopia |
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Term
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Definition
| contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing |
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Term
| what is attenuation reflex |
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Definition
| onset loud sound trigger neural response causes 2 middle ear muscles to contract |
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Term
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Definition
| hole in top of continuity of scala tympani to scala vestibuli |
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Term
| what is endocochlear potential |
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Definition
| potential between endolymph-scala media (more positive-like CSF conc) and perilymph -scala vestibuli/tympani(less positive-ICF conc) |
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Term
| what is the only reason for unilateral deafness |
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Definition
| cochlear nucleus or auditory nerve of one side involvment |
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Term
| what are the types of deafness |
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Definition
conductive (conduction thru middle ear) sensorinueral (path in hair cell/auditory pathway) |
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Term
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Definition
ringing noise in ears - due to abnormal position of hair cells- allow K to leak leading to buzzing noise *drugs like salicylates induce tinnitus if toxic doses |
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