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Neuro - 2
Neuroscience: exploring the brain 3rd edition
77
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
01/27/2012

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Term
neuron
Definition
The information-processing cell of the nervous system; also called nerve cell. Most neurons use action potentials to send signals over a distance, and all neurons communicate with one another using synaptic transmission.
Term
glial cell
Definition
A support cell in the nervous system. Glia are classified into four categories: astrocytes, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, and microglia. Astrocytes regulate the extracellular environment of the brain, oligodendroglia and Schwann cells provide myelin, and microglia scavenge debris.
Term
histology
Definition
The microscopic study of the structure of tissues.
Term
Nissl stain
Definition
A class of basic dyes that stain the somata of neurons; named for its discoverer, German histologist Franz Nissl (1860–1919).
Term
cytoarchitecture
Definition
The arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in various parts of the brain.
Term
Golgi stain
Definition
A method of staining brain tissue that shows neurons and all of their neurites; named for its discoverer, Italian histologist Camillo Golgi (1843–1926).
Term
cell body
Definition
The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or perikaryon.
Term
soma
Definition
The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called cell body or perikaryon.
Term
perikaryon
Definition
The central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or cell body.
Term
neurite
Definition
A thin tube extending from a neuronal cell body; the two types are axons and dendrites.
Term
axon
Definition
A neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses, or action potentials, normally away from the soma.
Term
dendrite
Definition
A neurite specialized to receive synaptic inputs from other neurons.
Term
neuron doctrine
Definition
The concept that the neuron is the elementary functional unit of the brain and that neurons communicate with each other by contact, not continuity.
Term
cytosol
Definition
The watery fluid inside a cell
Term
organelle
Definition
A membrane-enclosed structure inside a cell; examples are the nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
Cellular material contained by the cell membrane, including the organelles but excluding the nucleus.
Term
nucleus
Definition
(1) The roughly spherical organelle in a cell body containing the chromosomes. (2) A clearly distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain.
Term
chromosome
Definition
A structure in the cell nucleus containing a single linear thread of DNA.
Term
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Definition
A double-stranded molecule constructed from four nucleic acids that contains the genetic instructions for a cell.
Term
gene
Definition
A unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA that encodes a single polypeptide or protein.
Term
gene expression
Definition
The process of transcribing the information from a gene into messenger RNA; a gene is a segment of DNA carrying the instructions for a single protein.
Term
protein
Definition
A polymer of amino acids strung together by peptide bonds.
Term
protein synthesis
Definition
The assembly of protein molecules in the cell’s cytoplasm according to genetic instructions.
Term
mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid)
Definition
A molecule constructed from four nucleic acids that carries the genetic instructions for the assembly of a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Term
transcription
Definition
The process of synthesizing a messenger RNA molecule according to genetic instructions encoded in DNA.
Term
promoter
Definition
A region of DNA that binds RNA polymerase to initiate gene transcription.
Term
transcription factor
Definition
A protein that regulates the binding of RNA polymerase to a gene promoter.
Term
RNA splicing
Definition
The process by which introns, the regions of a primary RNA transcript that are not used to code protein, are removed.
Term
amino acid
Definition
A chemical building block of protein molecules, containing a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.
Term
translation
Definition
The process of synthesizing a protein molecule according to genetic instructions carried by a messenger RNA molecule.
Term
ribosome
Definition
A cellular organelle that assembles new proteins from amino acids according to the instructions carried by messenger RNA.
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Definition
A membrane-enclosed cellular organelle with ribosomes attached to its outer surface; a site of synthesis for proteins destined to be inserted into membrane or to be enclosed by membrane.
Term
polyribosome
Definition
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
Definition
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
Term
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
Term
neuronal membrane
Definition
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Term
microtubule
Definition
Term
microfilament
Definition
Term
neurofilament
Definition
Term
axon hillock
Definition
Term
axon collateral
Definition
Term
axon terminal
Definition
Term
terminal bouton
Definition
Term
synapse
Definition
Term
synapse
Definition
Term
terminal arbor
Definition
Term
innervation
Definition
Term
synaptic vesicle
Definition
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
Term
synaptic transmission
Definition
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
Term
axoplasmic transport
Definition
Term
anterograde transport
Definition
Term
retrograde transport
Definition
Term
dendritic tree
Definition
Term
receptor
Definition
Term
dendritic spine
Definition
Term
unipolar neuron
Definition
Term
bipolar neuron
Definition
Term
multipolar neuron
Definition
Term
stellate cell
Definition
Term
pyramidal cell
Definition
Term
spiny neuron
Definition
Term
aspinous neuron
Definition
Term
primary sensory neuron
Definition
Term
motor neuron
Definition
Term
interneuron
Definition
Term
astrocyte
Definition
Term
oligodendroglial cell
Definition
Term
Schwann cell
Definition
Term
myelin
Definition
Term
node of Ranvier
Definition
Term
ependymal cell
Definition
Term
microglial cell
Definition
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