Term
| nerve nets and radial nervous systems |
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Definition
| typical of radially symmetrical invertebrates |
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Term
| bilateral nervous systems |
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Definition
| typical of bilaterally symmetrical animals |
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Term
| Cnidarians (Hydra) nervous system |
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Definition
-nerve net (nerve cells scattered in body)
-no central control organ |
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Term
| echinoderm nervous system |
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Definition
-typically radial nervous system
-nerve ring and nerves extend to various parts of the body |
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Term
| describe a bilateral nervous system |
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Definition
-nerve cells are concentrated: form nerves, nerve cords, ganglia, and brain
-sense organs are present, typically concentrated in head region (cephalization)
-increases number of interneurons, more complex synaptic contacts which permit wide range of responses |
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Term
| planarian flatworms nervous system |
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Definition
-bilateral nervous system
-cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve cords, transverse nerves |
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Term
| annelids and arthropods nervous system |
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Definition
-bilateral nervous system
-ventral nerve cord, numerous ganglia
-arthropods have cerebral ganglia |
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Term
| What are the 2 main divisions of the vertebrate nervous system? |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
| What does the CNS contain? |
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Definition
| brain & dorsal, tubular spinal cord |
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Term
| What does the PNS contain? |
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Definition
| sensory receptors and nerves |
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Term
| In a vertebrate embryo, what do the brain & spinal cord arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the vertebrate embryo, what does the anterior end of the neural tube differentiate into? |
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Definition
| hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
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Term
| What is the human brain protected by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 meninges that protect the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| 1) dura mater 2) arachnoid 3) pia mater |
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Term
| What cushions the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
-transmits impulses to and from the brain
-ascending tracts (transmit info to the brain)
-descending tracts (transmit info from brain)
-controls many reflex actions
-contains gray matter that contains nuclei that serve as reflex centers |
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Term
| Structures of the cerebrum |
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Definition
-white matter
-corpus callosum
-basal ganglia |
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Term
| Where does white matter lie? |
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Definition
| (structure of the cerebrum) lies beneath the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What is corpus callosum and what does it connect? |
|
Definition
-is a cerebrum structure
-is a large band of white matter
-connects right and left hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
| What is the basal ganglia and what is its importance? |
|
Definition
-structure of the cerebrum
-is a cluster of nuclei within white matter
-important centers for motor function |
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Term
| What does the limbic system of the brain affect? |
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Definition
| -affects emotional aspects of behavior (motivation, sexual activity, autonomic responses, biological rhythms--sleep) |
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Term
|
Definition
-part of the limbic system
-categorizes info.
-consolidates memory
-is a processor, transforms short term memory to long term |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-part of the limbic system
-evaluates incoming info.
-signals danger (adrenal gland involved) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved |
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Term
|
Definition
-long term memory
-unconscious ("how-to") memory for perceptual and motor skills |
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Term
|
Definition
-long term memory
-factual memory of people, places, and objects |
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Term
|
Definition
recalls information (such as phone numbers) for just a few minutes
-information can be transferred from short-term to long-term memory |
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|
Term
| What does learning and memory entail? |
|
Definition
| -long-term functional changes at synapses |
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|
Term
| long-term potentation (LTP) |
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Definition
| increased sensitivity to an action potential by a post-synaptic neuron |
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|
Term
| long-term depression (LDP) |
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Definition
| long-lasting decrease in strength of synaptic connections |
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Term
|
Definition
| permits the body to respond to stressful situations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-influences organs to conserve and restore energy
-involves digestive system, metabolism, etc. |
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|
Term
| What is the PNS made up of? |
|
Definition
-sensory receptors
-neurons outside the CNS |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 steps in a response to a stimulus? |
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Definition
| 1) reception 2) transmission 3) integration) 4) transmission 5) action |
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Term
| Describe the first step in a response to a stimulus. |
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Definition
| 1) reception-reception of info. by a sensory receptor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-2nd step in response to a stimulus
-info. is transmitted by an afferent neuron to the CNS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-3rd step in response to a stimulus
-information that was transmitted by the afferent neuron is integrated by interneurons in the CNS |
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|
Term
| Describe the second transmission in the response to a stimulus. |
|
Definition
-4th step in the response to a stimulus
-info. is transmitted by an efferent neuron to other neurons or the effector |
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|
Term
| Describe the final step of the response to a stimulus |
|
Definition
| -after info is received, effects cause action to take place in the muscles and glands |
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|
Term
| What are the spaces on neurons where 2 myelin sheaths come together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What generates the myelin sheath in neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-several hundred axons
-wrapped in connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| mass of neuron cell bodies in the PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
-types of glial cells
-helps speed up neural transitions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-support and nourish neurons
-are important in neural communication |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 types of glial cells? |
|
Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia, ependymal cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-physically support the neurons
-regulate extracellular fluid in CNS (by taking up excess potassium ions)
-communicate with one another (and with neurons)
-induce and stabilize synapses |
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Term
|
Definition
| -form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -form sheaths around axons in PNS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-line cavities in CNS
-contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid
-serve as neural stem cells |
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