Term
| What have we learned from aphasia pts? |
|
Definition
1. words appear to be stored according to features like frequency and imagibility
2. comprehension has bilateral respresentation in the brain
3. language processing is automatic and voluntary
4. modalities are connected |
|
|
Term
| 4 main functions of the limbic system |
|
Definition
1. homeostasis - hypothalamus
2. olfaction - olfactory cortex
3. memory - hippocampal formation
4. emotion - amygdala
HOME |
|
|
Term
| 4 main componenets of the limbic system |
|
Definition
1. limbic cortex [hypothalamus]
2. hippocampal formation
3. amygdala
4. olfactory cortex
HOLA |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral transmission of olfactory information |
|
Definition
| receptor ->nerve ->bulb ->tract |
|
|
Term
| Central transmission of olfactory information |
|
Definition
piriform cortex [primary cortex] -> secondary cortex
** NO THALAMIC RELAY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mental workspace for computation [executive functions]
limited capacity
gateway to/from declarative memory |
|
|
Term
| Declarative memory [explicit memory] |
|
Definition
conscious recollection of facts or experiences
stored by semantic association |
|
|
Term
| Types of declarative memory |
|
Definition
1. lexical = words and their meanings
2. semantic = facts
3. episodic = events [associated with time/"time stamp"] |
|
|
Term
| Procedural memory [implicit memory] |
|
Definition
non-conscious learning of skills/habits/acquired behavior
sotred by surface feature association |
|
|
Term
| Types of procedural memory |
|
Definition
1. procedural = learning through repetition
2. emotional = emotion[s] |
|
|
Term
| Retrieval of declarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learning declarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Storage of declarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Storage of procedural information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain region critical for working memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of the amygdala |
|
Definition
1. orientation and attention to stimuli and allocation of processing resources to those stimuli
2. emotional responses to stimuli
3. participation in all four limbic functions through connections to tother structures in limbic network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alertness
orientation
memory
language
calculation
apraxia
neglect
sequencing task
logic and abstraction
delusions/hallucinations
mood
an old man learned communication [although not sign language] during may |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions |
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of cortex that underlie functional localization |
|
Definition
1. columnar organization
2. layered organization |
|
|
Term
| hemispheric specialization |
|
Definition
| some functions associated with the right, some with the left |
|
|
Term
| Right hemisphere functions |
|
Definition
"gestalt"
music
perception of emotion
attention
PROSODY/PRAGMATICS |
|
|
Term
| left hemisphere functions |
|
Definition
language
calculations
sequential processing
SEMANTICS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abstract set of symbols representing concepts |
|
|
Term
Wernicke-Geschwind model of language function
[classical model] |
|
Definition
1. Wernicke's are is responsible for language comprehension
2. once language is understood its transmitted to broca's area via the arcuate fasiculus
3. Broca's are is responsible for language production |
|
|
Term
| limitations of classical model |
|
Definition
oversimplified
aphasia can be associated with lesions to subcortical structures
most people with aphasia have problems with all modalities of language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spontaneous speech
repetition
naming
reading/writing
comprehension |
|
|
Term
| attention to one's body and extra personal space |
|
Definition
| Posterior right parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormality in attention to one side of the world; not due to primary sensory or motor disturbances |
|
|
Term
| effects of attention on information processing in the brain |
|
Definition
faster reaction time
enhanced detection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX
focusing on a specific domain above others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
THALAMUS
concentration/general arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain focus over a duration of time [resisting distraction] |
|
|
Term
| main categories of executive functions |
|
Definition
1. order
2. restraint
3. initiative
Doroslateral = 1
orbitofrontal = 2 + 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
control and integration of other brain functions
-> must have connections to areas that control other brain functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cognitive functions that are responsible for goal-directed, non-routine behavior |
|
|
Term
| experience changes the brain at any age |
|
Definition
plasticity = change in response to internal or external factors
-> different finger representation in M1 of braille readers blind from birth vs. those blind as adults |
|
|
Term
| the nature of experience influences the nature of change |
|
Definition
an enriched environment = better learning
-> enriched environment associated with improved maze performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intensive behavioral therapy in the actue state post injury may not be effective and may be detrimental to recovery |
|
|
Term
| neurogenesis is one possible change in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plastic change requires repetition and maintenance or they reverse |
|
Definition
repetition is most important in maintaining changes
-> cortical maps of braille readers changed depending on whether participants had worked 6 hours or taken the day off |
|
|
Term
| the recovered brain is sensitive to drugs and other effects |
|
Definition
| drugs that affect damaged systems may impair performance further |
|
|
Term
| CT [computerized tomography] |
|
Definition
measures density of tissues being studied
high spatial resolution
BONE FRACTURES
ACUTE TRAUMA/HEMORRHAGE |
|
|
Term
| MRI [magnetic resonance imaging] |
|
Definition
absorption/emission of NMR signal from hydrogen nuclei
no radiation exposure
SOFT TISSUE DAMAGE
T1/T2 |
|
|
Term
| PET [positron emission tomography] |
|
Definition
shows physiology of tissue in relation to metabolism of substrates
radiation exposure - IV contrast necessary |
|
|
Term
| SPECT [single photon emission computerized tomography] |
|
Definition
generate map of cerebral blood flow
radiation exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not used clinically
research based
"brain mapping" [metabolic function] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures electrical activity along the scalp |
|
|
Term
| typical approach used in neurological examination |
|
Definition
1. problem focused
2. localization of pathology is aim |
|
|
