RNA can be made into more RNA and RNA can be made into DNA using reverse transcriptase

Supercoiled DNA is DNA that is compressed to save space within the cell. Negatively supercoiled DNA is DNA which is somewhat unwound whereas positively supercoiled DNA is overwound

Relaxed DNA is a segment of DNA that has the amount of turns in it that is predicted by the number of base pairs in the sequence

Chromosomes and plasmids can both encode relevent genetic information but plasmids are typically smaller and encode for things like resistance to various environmental factors like antibiotics

DNA helicase unwinds the DNA and enables better access for things like replication

RNA primers cap the lagging strans present on the 3'-5' strand. Replication lags somewhat and Okazaki fragments are left behind which need to be capped. DNA polymerase and then DNA ligase then come in and fix these gaps

The sigma factor of RNA polymerase recognizes the promoter

The pribnow box is the area located about 10 base pairs away from the start of translation

The reading frame means that a triplet codon is needed for translation to begin at the correct site

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA

An anticodon is a sequence of three bases in a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a codon during protein synthesis

Chaperonin is a protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partly denatured state

Codon bias is the nonrandom usage of multiple codons encoding the same amino acid

DNA gyrase is an enzyme found in most prokaryotes that introduces negative supercoils in DNA

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5'-3' direction using an antiparallel DNA strand as a template

A genetic element is a structure that carries genetic information such as a chromosome, a plasmid or a viral genome

A genome is the total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus

An informational macromolecule is any large polmeric molecule that carries or comes from genetic information such as DNA, RNA and proteins

A lagging strand is the new strand of DNA that is synthesized in short pieces during DNA replciation and then joined together later

The leading strand is the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication

A nonsense codon is just another name for a stop codon. A nonsense mutation is a mutation where a stop codon is put in place of another codon but a nonsense codon simply refers to any of the 3 stop codons

And open reading frame is a sequence of DNA or RNA that could be translated to give a polypeptide

An operon is a cluster of genes that are co-transcribed to give a single messenger RNA

A primer is an oligonucleotide to which DNA polymerase can attach the first deoxyribonucleotide during DNA replication

A promoter is a site on DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to commence transcription

A replication fork is the site on the chromosome where DNA replication occurs and where the enzymes replicating the DNA are bound to untwisted ssDNA

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA in the 5'-3' direction using a complementary and antiparallel DNA strand as a template

Semiconservative replication is DNA which yields new double helicases each consisting of one parental and one progeny strand of DNA

A signal sequence is a special N-terminal sequence of approximately 20 amino acids that signals that a protein should be exported across the cytoplasmic membrane

Wobble is a less rigid form of base pairing allowed only in codon-anticodon pairing