DNA is a single molecule of DNA and there is both linear and circular DNA. Eukaryotes tend to have linear DNA with a lot of "junk" DNA which is mostly useless but most prokaryotes have linear DNA in which all (or nearly all) DNA is useful and codes for functioning proteins

Studies of both mitochondria and chloroplasts have revealed DNA segments within them. This suggests that there was a fusion between early cells in order to maximize efficiency. Since most eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria but not all cells contain chloroplasts it is believed that mitochondria fused first, then chloroplasts

Chromatin is a complex aggregation of DNA and protein which forms the basic structure of eukaryotic chromosomes

Histones are small, typically circular proteins which are made up of 20-30% arginine or lysine. This property makes them positively charged so that they can bond to open negatively charged bonding sites on DNA

They're organized into zones and territories within the nucleus. There are zones for each chromosome and suh forth

Gene densities

It's necessary for them to be condensed in order to move the genetic material somewhat quickly and in an orderly fashion

Heterochromatin is very dense chromatin which has very little coding segments within it

Telomerase contains its own RNA which guides the chromosomal DNA to produce more telomere repeats. This is important because when DNA is read there is often some section of DNA that gets physically cut off from the end; the telomeres act as the sort of sacrificial volunteers for this side effect

Female individuals were found to have 2 X chromosomes but males to only have one

Sex is typically determined by the X and Y chromosomes. This occurs in all mammals and also within most other animals

It showed that eye color in flies was actually sex linked. Males had a much higher chance of having white eyes (recessive)

Nondisjunction happens when chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis and an entire chromosome is either lost or gained. These kinds of conditions are known as trisomies or monosomies, most notable trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edward's Syndrome) and trisomy 13 (Patau's Syndrome). T13 and T18 are typically fatal within 3 months of birth or result in miscarraiges

Girls: (1/2)⁹. At least one boy: 1-(1/2)⁹

(n!/s!t!)p^sq^t (n = total number of individuals, s = amount of individuals with a specific characteristic, t = n-s, p = fractional probability of s occuring, q =  fractional probability of t occuring

It's a test that analyses whether or not the observed data matches expectations

P stands for probability. When the P value goes above .05 (meaning there is a bad fit more than 5% of the time) it becomes statistically significant